2 3 5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride ttc

Otaplimastat was chemically synthesized by ShinPoong Pharm. Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Korea). Tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA; Actilyse^®) was obtained from Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim am Rhein, GE). 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and DQ^TM gelatin fluorescein conjugate from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Other chemicals, including Drabkin’s reagent, were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

HPLC-grade ammonium formate and LC-MS-grade formic acid were purchased from Fluka Chemie (Buchs, Switzerland). LC-MS-grade acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), and ACS-grade chloroform were purchased from J.T. Baker or Mallinckrodt (Mallinckrodt Baker Inc. Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, U.K.). Water (18.2 MΩ/cm) was purified in house using a Synergy Ultrapure Water System (Millipore Co., Burlington, MA, USA). The following lipid standards were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA): 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LPC 14:0), 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (LPE 14:0), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC 14:0/14:0), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PE 14:0/14:0), N-lauroyl-D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SM d18:1/12:0), and N-heptadecanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine (ceramide d18:1/17:0).

All peptides (GDDDDDD, DDDDDDD, GADDDDD) were purchased from KareBay Biochem (USA) and were used as received (certified purity—98%). Carbonate-free stock solutions of 0.1 M NaOH were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and then potentiometrically standardized with potassium phthalate (99.9% purity). Ethylene glycol and chloroform were bought from Chempur (pure p.a.). Methanol used for mass spectroscopy was purchased from J.T. Baker (LC-MS). NaClO₄, Cu(ClO₄)₂, Zn(ClO₄)₂, NaCl, cholesterol, Triton X100, Sephadex G-50 and 6-carboxyfluorescein were bought from Sigma Aldrich. HClO₄ was ordered from VWR. Lipids used for liposome experiments (DOPC, DOPA) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. For antimicrobial susceptibility testing, tryptic soy broth (TSB) was acquired from Oxoid, whereas 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.