Ciprofloxacin

Manufactured by HiMedia

Sourced in India, France, United States

Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone class. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Lab products found in correlation

Gentamicin, by HiMedia (74 mentions) Amikacin, by HiMedia (63 mentions) Ampicillin, by HiMedia (57 mentions) Imipenem, by HiMedia (53 mentions) Ceftazidime, by HiMedia (51 mentions) Cefotaxime, by HiMedia (49 mentions) Ceftriaxone, by HiMedia (47 mentions) Tetracycline, by HiMedia (43 mentions) Cotrimoxazole, by HiMedia (41 mentions) Meropenem, by HiMedia (39 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by HiMedia (36 mentions) Piperacillin tazobactam, by HiMedia (31 mentions) Levofloxacin, by HiMedia (31 mentions) Erythromycin, by HiMedia (30 mentions) Cefepime, by HiMedia (26 mentions) Nalidixic acid, by HiMedia (23 mentions) Cefoxitin, by HiMedia (21 mentions) Aztreonam, by HiMedia (20 mentions) Gentamycin, by HiMedia (20 mentions) Ofloxacin, by HiMedia (19 mentions)

152 protocols using ciprofloxacin

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, adhering to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [26 ]. The selection of antibacterial disks was based on CLSI 2022 recommendations and availability. The bacterial inoculum, equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standards, was uniformly spread onto Mueller–Hinton agar plates (Himedia India) using a sterile cotton swab applicator. Antibiotic disks for gram-positive bacteria were penicillin G (10 μg), nitrofurantoin (300 μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), and clindamycin (30 μg) (Himedia, India).
The antimicrobial disks for Enterobacteriaceae included piperacillin-tazobactam (100/10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), nitrofurantoin (300 μg), amoxicillin-clavulanate (20/10 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (30 μg), meropenem (10 μg), piperacillin (100 μg), cefepime (30 μg), amikacin (30 μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg) (Himedia, India). Antimicrobial disks for Pseudomonas spp and Acinetobacter were gentamicin (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), piperacillin-tazobactam (100/10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and amikacin (30 μg) (Himedia, India).

Ernest R., Lema N., Yassin S., Joachim A, & Majigo M. (2024). Bacterial aetiology, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and factors associated with urinary tract infection among under-five children at primary health facility, North-Western Tanzania. PLOS ONE, 19(5), e0303369.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by Disc Diffusion

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller Hinton agar (Himedia, Mumbai, India) plates by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted as per CLSI recommendations [10 ]. The antibiotics tested viz., meropenem (10μg) ciprofloxacin (5μg), amikacin (30μg), gentamicin (10μg), carbenicillin (10μg), polymixin B (300 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (100/10 μg), faropenem (5μg) (Himedia, Mumbai, India).
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined on Muller Hinton Agar plates by agar dilution method against meropenem and ciprofloxacin (Himedia, Mumbai, India) according to CLSI guidelines and interpreted according to CLSI breakpoint [10 ].

Choudhury D., Ghosh A., Dhar Chanda D., Das Talukdar A., Dutta Choudhury M., Paul D., Maurya A.P., Chakravorty A, & Bhattacharjee A. (2016). Premature Termination of MexR Leads to Overexpression of MexAB-OprM Efflux Pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in India. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0149156.

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Efflux Pump Activity Detection Assay

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Efflux pump activity of the strains were phenotypically detected by using meropenem (10 mg, Himedia, Mumbai) and ciprofloxacin (5 mg, Himedia, Mumbai) with and without CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 100mM, Himedia, Mumbai) [11 (link)].
MIC reduction assay was performed with meropenem and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with CCCP at a concentration of 12.5 μM [11 (link), 12 (link)]. An efflux pump-overexpressed phenotype was defined as any strain exhibiting at least a twofold decrease in MIC when tested in the presence of CCCP.

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Enterococcus Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns

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The present study was conducted at Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospitals, Salem Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) Clearance (MICROBIOLOGY/Ph.D/01/2015) was obtained prior to this study A total of 1200 clinical samples received at the Department of Microbiology for routine culture and sensitivity were included. A total of 774 isolates of Enterococci obtained from 1200 clinical samples were processed for species identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Identification of isolates to the species level was performed by the sugar utilization test using brain heart infusion broth incorporated with 1% sugar and bromothymol blue indicator.[9 (link)] Isolates of Enterococci were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines[10 ] using the following drugs: penicillin (10 U), erythromycin (15 μg), high-level gentamicin (120 μg), linezolid (30 μg), teicoplanin (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and nitrofurantoin (300 μg).(Himedia Laboratories Ltd.) The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for these antibiotics were also determined bythe Vitek automated system.

, & Rajan R. (2023). A Study on Glycopeptide-Resistant Genotypes among Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus with Van B Phenotype. Advanced Biomedical Research, 12, 196.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Shigella

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method (3 ) for the antibiotics: ampicillin 10 µg, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 1.25/23.75 µg, ciprofloxacin 5 µg, ceftriaxone 30 µg, tetracycline 30 µg, and chloramphenicol 30 µg (Himedia Laboratories, Mumbai). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were performed using Epsilometer test (E-test) strips according to the manufacturer's instructions (AB Biomeriuex, India). The inoculum for the susceptibility testing and the interpretation were done as per CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines (3 ). ATCC Escherichia coli 25922 was used as the control for interpretation of zone diameters. Combination disc method according to CLSI guidelines was used in order to detect ESBL production in ceftriaxone-resistant Shigella isolates.

Sangeetha A.V., Parija S.C., Mandal J, & Krishnamurthy S. (2014). Clinical and Microbiological Profiles of Shigellosis in Children. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 32(4), 580-586.

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Antimicrobial Compound Screening Protocol

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DES 98%, dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO), ascorbic acid, DPPH, and LC–MS grade methanol, acetonitrile,
and HPLC water were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; amphotericin B,
ciprofloxacin, streptomycin sulfate, 70% ethanol, formic acid (LC–MS
grade), PDA, and potato dextrose broth (PDB) were procured from HiMedia
Laboratories, India.

Abrol V., Kushwaha M., Arora D., Mallubhotla S, & Jaglan S. (2021). Mutation, Chemoprofiling, Dereplication, and Isolation of Natural Products from Penicillium oxalicum. ACS Omega, 6(25), 16266-16272.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Isolates

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Antibiotic susceptibility tests of all isolates were performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar with recommended antibiotics by CLSI 2020 guidelines [14 ].The antibiotics used were gentamicin (GEN,30 µg), amikacin (AK, 10 µg), cipr ofloxacin (CIP, 5 µg), ceftazidime (CAZ, 30 µg), cefepime (CPM, 30 µg), aztreonam (AT, 30 µg), imipenem (IPM, 10 µg), piperacillin (PI,30 µg), piperacillin-tazobactam (PIT), meropenem (MRP, 10 µg), ofloxacin (OF, 30 µg), Levofloxacin (LEV, 30 µg) and colistin (CL,10 µg) from Hi-Media, Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India.
Isolates that were non-susceptible to at least one agent in ≥ 3 antimicrobial categories have been categorized under MDR [15 (link)].

Sharma S., Devkota M.D., Pokhrel B.M, & Banjara M.R. (2023). Detection of blaNDM−1,mcr-1 and MexB in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. BMC Microbiology, 23, 153.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method for different classes of antibiotics such as cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), amikacin (30 μg), and ciprofloxacin (5 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam (100 μg/10 μg), and imipenem (10 μg) (Himedia laboratories, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines.[11 ] ATCC Escherichia coli 25,922 was used as control strain.
The clinical history was sought for all the K1 and K2 serotypes from the medical records.

Remya P., Shanthi M, & Sekar U. (2018). Occurrence and characterization of hyperviscous K1 and K2 serotype in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 10(3), 283-288.

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Antimicrobial Assays and Reagents

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Hexane, anhydrous sodium sulfate, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), trypticase soy, Mueller–Hinton and Sabouraud dextrose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Fluconazole and ciprofloxacin were purchased from Hi Media (Mumbai, India). Sodium chloride (NaCl) was purchased from local markets.

Razzouk S., Mazri M.A., Jeldi L., Mnasri B., Ouahmane L, & Alfeddy M.N. (2022). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Three Mediterranean Plants against Eighteen Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi. Pharmaceutics, 14(8), 1608.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Virulent Isolates

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The isolates positive for at least one virulence marker gene by PCR were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against the selected antimicrobials (ampicillin-10 μg, amikacin-10 μg, chloramphenicol-30 μg, ceftriaxone-10 μg, cephalexin-30 μg, cipr ofloxacin-10 μg, co-trimoxazole-25 μg, cefoperazone-tazobactam-75 + 10 μg, meropenem-10 μg, norfloxacin-10 μg, gentamicin-10 μg, cefixime-5 μg, doxycycline hydrochloride-10 μg and ofloxacin-5 μg) (HiMedia, India) by disc diffusion method in Mueller–Hinton agar [18 (link)]. The performance of this test was checked by employing E. coli ATCC 25922 as a standard quality control strain. The results were expressed as sensitive, intermediate and resistant as per standard CLSI guidelines [19 ]. MDR was defined as “acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories” [20 (link)].

Chellapandi K., Dutta T.K., Sharma I., De Mandal S., Kumar N.S, & Ralte L. (2017). Prevalence of multi drug resistant enteropathogenic and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli isolated from children with and without diarrhea in Northeast Indian population. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 16, 49.

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