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67 protocols using ace600

1

Preparation and Imaging of Bacterial Cells

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Overnight cultures on YESCA media were diluted in YESCA + 4% DMSO (37) to an OD600 of 0.02 in 24 well-plate containing glass coverslips and incubated at 26°C for 24 hours with shaking. Then, the media was removed, and the 24 well-plate was washed with 0.15 M cacodylate buffer. Cells were fixed overnight at room temperature on a shaker using the fixative solution (2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% tannic acid in 0.15M cacodylate buffer pH 7.4 with 2mM calcium chloride). Post fixation, coverslips were rinsed in 0.15 M cacodylate buffer 3 times for 10 minutes each followed by a secondary fixation in 1% OsO4 in 0.15 M cacodylate buffer for 45 minutes in the dark. The coverslips were then rinsed 3 times in ultrapure water for 10 minutes each and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% x2) for 10 minutes each step. Once dehydrated, the samples were loaded into a critical point drier (Leica EM CPD 300, Vienna, Austria) which was set to perform 12 CO2 exchanges at the slowest speed. Once dried, coverslips were mounted on aluminum stubs with carbon adhesive tabs and coated with 10 nm of carbon and 6 nm of iridium (Leica ACE 600, Vienna, Austria). SEM images were acquired on a FE-SEM (Zeiss Merlin, Oberkochen,
Germany) at 1.5 kV and 0.1 nA.
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2

Cryogenic Aerogel Preparation

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In situ refers to samples that were prepared at small scale (i.e., <0.1 mL) directly on microscopy sample substrates. A piece of organogel was placed between two copper rivets and rapidly frozen by plunging into liquid N2 for five min. The frozen organogel was then fractured to reveal the frozen surface, and the frozen solvent was sublimed at −100 °C for 30 min. The resulting fractured aerogel surface was then sputter-coated with a Pt film for 120 s (thickness ~5 nm) using a cryo-coater (Leica ACE600).
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3

Characterization of PLGA-PCL Nanofiber Membranes

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The PLGA-PCL nanofiber membranes with different concentration ratios were fixed on an aluminum block. The surface of the nanofiber membrane was sprayed with gold using a high-vacuum ion sputter coater (ACE-600, Leica, Shanghai, China). Then the aluminum block was placed on the sample stage. Finally, the microstructure of the surface of the gold-plated samples was observed and imaged by a field emission scanning electron microscope (7100F) (JEOL LTD, Tokyo, Japan). Furthermore, image software was used to measure the diameters of at least 50 nanofibers from the SEM images.
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4

SEM Imaging of Biofilm-Coated Textiles

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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken for the textile composites prepared with the aforementioned methods and the dry biofilm layer peeled off from the doctor-bladed composites. In particular, to visualize the structure of biofilm coated on the textiles, the composites were treated for 15 min each with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v ethanol and dried in a critical point dryer (Leica EM CPD300). The rest of the composites and the peeled-off biofilm underwent air drying. All samples were sputter coated with platinum to a thickness of 5 nm (Leica ACE600). The microscopy was performed with a FEI Quanta 450 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (Field Electron and Ion Company).
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5

Ultrastructural Evaluation of CuNP Toxicity

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To confirm the cytological damages, scanning electron microscope (SEM; Hitachi, Japan) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM; Hitachi, Japan) analyses were performed. Paramecium bursaria cells treated with 5 × 10−2 mg/L−1 of CuNPs for 24 h in ultrapure water treated as control. For the SEM study, cells were fixed in a 1:6 mixture of 1% OSO4 and a saturated solution of HgCl2 at 4°C for 10 min. Then, the cells were rinsed with 0.1 M of phosphate buffer (PB), dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, dried with a critical point dryer (Leica CPD300), and coated with gold in an ion coater (Leica ACE600). Observations were performed using a scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV (Li et al., 2017 (link)). The TEM samples were prepared according to the method described by Gu et al. (2002) (link). Ciliates were prefixed in a 1:1 mixture of 2% OSO4 and 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4°C for 10 min. The fixed cells were washed with 0.1 M of PB and then postfixed in 1% OSO4 at 4°C for 1 h. The postfixed cells were washed again and then dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol and acetones and embedded with Epon812. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with a transmission electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV.
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6

Ultrastructural Analysis of Bone Marrow Vasculature

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The bone marrow blood vessels isolated from the amputated tibial diaphysis were fixed for 24–48 hours at 4°C with 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer. After buffer rinses, the samples underwent secondary fixation in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide for 1–2 hours, then rinsed in ddH2O, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol (i.e., 25% – 100%), dried in a critical point dryer (Tousimis Autosamdri®−815 Series A, Rockville, MD), mounted and sputter coated (Leica ACE600, Vienna Austria) with platinum.
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7

Comparative SEM Analysis of Wood Structures

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SEM (CX-200TM, COXEM, Daejeon, Korea) analysis was performed to compare the cell wall structures of untreated, peracetic acid-treated, and epoxy-impregnated wood. The observation sample was prepared in a size of 5 × 5 × 5 mm3. Afterwards, the sample was coated with about 10 nm of platinum using an ion sputtering coater (Leica, EM, ACE600) and then photographed with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV.
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8

Biofilm Formation and Scanning Electron Microscopy

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Overnight cultures were diluted 1:10 in fresh LB medium and were added to 48-well microtiter plates containing autoclaved Aclar fluoropolymer film (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA). Biofilms were grown for 48 h at 37 °C, shaking at 50 rpm, and prepared for SEM using cationic dye stabilization methods.57 (link),58 (link) Briefly, Aclar membranes containing biofilm growth were washed three times in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer, and submerged in primary fixative (0.15 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde, 4% sucrose, 0.15% alcian blue 8 GX) for 22 h. Samples were washed three more times prior to a 90 minute treatment with secondary fixative (1% osmium tetroxide, 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide, 0.135M sodium cacodylate, pH 7.4). After three final washes, biofilms were chemically dehydrated in a graded ethanol series (25, 50, 70, 85, 95 [2×] and 100% [2×]) before CO2-based critical point drying. Aclar membranes were attached to SEM specimen mounts using carbon conductive adhesive tape and sputter coated with ~ 5 nm iridium using the Leica ACE 600 magnetron-based system. Biofilms were imaged using a Hitachi S-4700 field emission SEM with an operating voltage of 2 kV.
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9

Ultrastructural Analysis of Platelet Cytoskeleton

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Isolated platelets were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 50 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2). After embedding in epon 812, ultra-thin sections were generated and subsequently stained with 2% uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Sample visualization was performed with a JEOL JEM-2100 microscope. The platelet cytoskeleton of spread mouse platelets on human fibrinogen was visualized by platinum replica electron microscopy (PREM). The cells were washed for 5 min in PHEM with 0.75% Triton X-100, 1 µM phallacidin, 1 µM paclitaxel, and 0.1% glutaraldehyde. Subsequently, samples were washed in PHEM, with 0.1 µM phallacidin and 0.1 µM paclitaxel. The cells were fixed in PHEM with 0.1 µM phallacidin, 0.1 µM paclitaxel, and 1% glutaraldehyde for 15 min, and were finally washed twice with filtered dH20. Subsequently, cells were treated with 0.1% tannic acid and 0.2% uranyl acetate, and dehydration was conducted in acetone. Critical point drying was performed in a Leica EM CPD300. Samples were coated with 1.2 nm of platinum with rotation at 45 °C and 3 nm of carbon at 90 °C without rotation under a high vacuum in a Leica EM ACE600. Finally, replicas were floated, picked up on formvar-carbon-coated grids and analyzed using a JEOL JEM-2100.
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10

Ultrastructural Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles

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Specimens were fixed for 24 hours in Karnovsky’s fixative (2% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and washed twice for 30 minutes in 0.1 M PB. They were post–fixed with 1% OsO4 for 2 hours and dehydrated in ascending gradual series (50 – 100%) of ethanol using a Critical Point Dryer (CPD300, LEICA,). They were coated with platinum using an ion sputter (ACE600, LEICA) and observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM; MERLIN, Carl Zeiss).
The protein concentration was measured at 280 nm for comparison with the isolated EV from immunoprecipitation (IP) and the microfluidic chip. The bound EV on the microbeads in breast cancer cells (MCF‐7, SK‐BR‐3, BT‐474, Hs578T, and MDA‐MB‐231) media were measured via flow cytometry. The cells were washed in ice‐cold FACS buffer (PBS including 1% BSA and 0.1% NaN3 sodium azide), and 5 µL of the conjugated fluorescent primary antibody anti‐CD63‐PE‐Cy7 was incubated for 30 minutes at 4°C in the dark. The cells were rinsed with FACS buffer three times to remove unspecific binding, and then a FACS LSR II flow cytometer (BD, NJ, USA) was used for the measurement and analyzed by Flowing software v2.5.1.
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