Kolliphor p188

TPGS (also known as d-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate or vitamin E-TPGS) and Poloxamer 188 (also known as Kolliphor^® P188) were purchased from BASF (Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany). Tween^® 80 (also known as polysorbatum 80, polysorbate 80 or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain).

Dynasan 118 (tristearin) was obtained from IOI OLEO GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). Compritol 888 ATO and Gelucire^®48/16 were kindly supplied from Gattefossè (Milan, Italy). Kolliphor^® P188 (Poloxamer 188) and Kolliphor^® EL, formerly known as Cremophor^® EL (Polyoxyl 35 Hydrogenated Castor Oil), were a gift of BASF. Cetylstearyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, PEG 4000 and rhodamine B (Rho) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). All other chemicals were of analytical grade. The properties of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds are reported in Table 1.

Disulfiram (CAS number 97-77-8), Kolliphor RH40, Myrj 52, oleic acid, Tween 20, and Tween 80 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, WI, USA). Apifil, Capryol 90, Capryol PGMC, cetylpalmitate, Compritol 888 ATO, Labrafac Lipophile WL 1349, Labrafac PG, Lauroglicol 90, Geleol FPF, Geleol mono/dyglicerides NF, Geloil SC, Labrafil M 2125 CS, Labrafil 1944 CS, Labrasol, Labrasol ALF, Monosteol, Precirol Ato 5, Softisan 601, Suppocire CM, Suppocire DM, Suppocire NB, Suppocire CS2X, and Transcutol HP were kindly gifted by Gatefossé (Lyon, France). Capmul MCM and Mygliol 812 N were provided by Abitec (Columbus, OH, USA). Dynasan 116, Dynasan 118, Inwitor 900 F, Witepsol E76, and Witepsol E85 were donated by IOI Oleochemical (Hamburg, Germany). Lipoid S75 was gifted by Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Kolliwax CA, Kolliwax CSA, Kolliwax GMS II, Kolliwax S, Kolliphor P188, Kolliphor ELP, Kolliphor HS15, and Tween 60 were provided by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Squalene and Squalane were acquired from EFP Biotek (Figueira da Foz, Portugal). Tween 40, Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, and Span 80 were gifted by SEPPIC SA (Paris, France). Water (Ω = 18.2 MΩ.cm, TOC < 1.5 µg/L) was ultrapurified (Sartorius^®, Gottingen, Germany) and filtered through a 0.22 µm nylon filter prior to use. All the other reagents were analytical or High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) grade.

Curcumin of 99% purity was a kind gift from Laurus Labs Limited, India. Resomer 502 Poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) comprising of lactide:glycolide 50:50 ester terminated, M_w 7,000–17,000 was generously gifted by Evonik India Pvt. Ltd. Soluplus® and Kolliphor P188 were a gift from BASF India. N,N‐dimethylacetamide was purchased from SD Fine Chemicals whereas HPLC solvents methanol and acetonitrile were procured from Thermo Scientific. Dulbecco's modified eagle medium and Fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco while Prolong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI and Lysotracker^TM Red were bought from Invitrogen. MTT (3‐[4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) and cell culture grade Dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All other reagents and chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Cannabidiol was obtained from THC Pharm (Frankfurt, Germany). Tetrahydrofuran of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quality for UV spectroscopy was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Tetrahydrofuran of Ultra LC–MS grade and acetonitrile of LC–MS grade for HPLC measurements were ordered from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), as well as sodium azide. Refined soybean oil and refined rapeseed oil were obtained from Caelo (Hilden, Germany). Lipofundin^® MCT/LCT 10% (referred to as Lipofundin^® in the following and composed of 5% soybean oil, 5% medium chain triglycerides, 2.5% glycerol, 0.8% egg lecithin and unspecified quantities of α-tocopherol and sodium oleate [18 ,19 ]) was obtained as commercial colloidal lipid emulsion from B.Braun (Melsungen, Germany). Poloxamer 188 (Kolliphor^® P 188) and poloxamer 407 (Kolliphor^® P 407) were kind gifts from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) and trimyristin (Dynasan^® 114) and medium chain triglycerides (Miglyol^® 812 N) from IOI Oleo (Witten, Germany), respectively.

Kollidon^® VA64 and Kolliphor^® P188 were purchased from BASF Ireland (Cork, Ireland). Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) (average M_WT = 300,000) in a white powder form was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Arklow, Ireland). Polycaprolactone (PCL) in powder form (CAPA 6506, average M_WT = 50,000) was obtained from Perstorp (Cheshire, UK). USP grade caffeine was purchased from VWR International (Dublin, Ireland). Caffeine was chosen as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class I model drug since it was available in sufficient quantities to complete the overall study (of greater scope than this paper), has a melting temperature greater than the processing temperatures, and was safe for use in the environments the production equipment were located. Table 1 displays all placebo formulations manufactured in this body of work for their mechanical characterization and for pre-screening trials.
Five formulations were produced with the model drug caffeine and can be found in Table 2. These mixtures were produced to perform drug dissolution studies to evaluate the effects of the formulations and PVP-VA loading on drug release kinetics as well as to compare tablets that were manufactured via direct compression and 3DP.