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26 protocols using sq22536

1

Excitatory Synaptic Currents in Purkinje Cells

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During recordings, slices were superfused with room temperature oxygenated aCSF at a flow rate of ~2 ml min−1. Bath aCSF contained 100 μm picrotoxin (PTX, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and 3 μm CGP 55845 hydrochloride (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) to block GABAA and GABAB receptors, respectively, and to isolate excitatory synaptic currents. Where indicated, aCSF also contained one of: 10 μm forskolin, 100 μm SQ-22536 (Tocris, Bristol, UK), 1 μm JZL 184 (Tocris, Bristol, UK), 30 μm Nimesulide (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) or 1 μm WIN 55,212–2 (Tocris, Bristol, UK).
Purkinje cells were visually identified and whole-cell, patch clamp recordings were performed with borosilicate pipettes (2–4 MΩ). Access resistance was monitored throughout the experiment. Electrophysiological currents were recorded with a Multiclamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA),filtered at 5 kHz and digitized at 50 kHz. Data were collected using pClamp software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). EPSCs were evoked by stimulation of parallel fibres via a patch pipette filled with aCSF.
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2

Nebulized Imatinib and Cellular Signaling

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Imatinib was provided by Novartis (Basel, Switzerland); nebulized Imatinib was solved in aqua at a concentration of 10 mM. SQ22536, KT5720, KT5823, glibenclamide, iberiotoxin, 4-aminopyridine and DMPQ were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, Missouri, USA). ET-1 was acquired from BIOTRENDS (Wangen, Switzerland) and SU6668 and ponatinib were acquired from Biomol (Hamburg, Germany). L-Name or standard laboratory chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The ELISA-kits were acquired from Enzo (Lörrach, Germany). Human PDGF-BB was delivered by Peprotech (Hamburg, Germany).
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3

Investigating Adenylyl Cyclase Regulation

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N-acetyl cysteine and ATP were purchased from Sigma, Glutathione monoethyl ester from Calbiochem, KH7 and SQ22536, forskolin, Inhibitor-172, MK571 and irinotecan were purchased from Tocris. [14C] 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) (51 mCi/mmol) was derived from Moravek Biochemicals, CA. ADCY1, 3,6,7,9 and10 adenylyl cyclase antibodies were purchased from Abcam.
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4

Pharmacological Manipulation of CRF2 Signaling

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Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from Harlan Laboratories. CRF2 homozygous KO mice (Stock number: 010842; Strain name: B6; 129-crhr2tm1jsp/J) and WT mice (from the same colony) were bought from Jackson Laboratories. This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the University of North Dakota (0702-2). All efforts were made to minimize suffering. CRF was purchased from American Peptide Company (Sunnyvale, CA). The following reagents were products of TOCRIS (Ellisville, MO): K41498, astressin 2B, NBI 27914, CP 154526, MDL 12330A, SQ 22536, forskolin, 3,7-dihydro-1-methyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-purine-2,6-dione (IBMX), KT 5720, Rp-cAMPS. The other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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5

Pharmacological Inhibition of Adenosine Signaling

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Dipyridamole (cat#D9766, Sigma-Aldrich, Merk Life Science, Milan, Italy); 2-(2-Furanyl)-7-(2-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine, SCH58261 (cat#2270, Tocris, Bio-Techne, Milan, Italy); 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, DPCPX (cat#0439, Tocris, Bio-Techne, Milan, Italy); 8-[4-[4-(4-Chlorophenzyl)piperazide-1-sulfonyl)phenyl]]-1-propylxanthine, PSB603 (cat#3198, Tocris, Bio-Techne, Milan, Italy); 1,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-6-phenyl-4-(phenylethynyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl-5-[(3-nitrophenyl)methyl] ester, MRS1334 (cat#1385, Tocris, Bio-Techne, Milan, Italy); KT5720 (cat#K3761, Sigma, Merk Life Science, Milan, Italy); PD98059 (car#513001, Calbiochem, Merk Life Science, Milan, Italy); 9-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine, SQ22536 (cat#1453, Tocris, Bio-Techne, Milan, Italy); (R)-Adenosine, cyclic 3′,5′-(hydrogenphosphorothioate) triethylammonium, Rp-cAMPs (cat#1337, Tocris, Bio-Techne, Milan, Italy).
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6

Investigating AMPK-Mediated Signaling Pathways

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Antibodies directed against AMPKα (1/1000, Rabbit), ACC (1/1000, Rabbit), phospho-Ser79ACC (1/1000, Rabbit), phospho-PKA substrate (RRXS*/T*) (1/2000, Rabbit), phospho-AMPK substrate (1/1000, Rabbit), and phospho-Ser133CREB (1/1000, Rabbit) were obtained from Cell Signaling technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti phospho-Thr172AMPKα (1/1000, Rabbit), CREB (1/500, Rabbit), Arc (1/500, Mouse), c-Fos (1/500, Mouse), and EgrI (1/500, Rabbit) antibodies were from Santa-Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA). Anti-actin (1/15 000, Mouse) antibody was from BD Bioscience (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). HRP-coupled secondary antibodies directed against the primary antibodies’ hosts were obtained from Cell Signaling technology. Bicuculline (Bic), H 89, PKI 14-22 amide, NKY 80, SQ 22536, and KH 7 were purchased from Tocris (Bristol, UK), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA), and Compound C (Cc) was from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA).
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7

Chemical Agents for Neuroscience Research

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ω-Agatoxin, AM-0902, AMG9810, AZ-628, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, 6-Bnz-cAMP, 8-Br-cAMP, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), CE3F4, 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP sodium salt (CPTOMe-cAMP), ω-conotoxin (CTX) MVIIC, [D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), ESI-05, ESI-09, diltiazem, forskolin, gabapentin, guanfacine, H89, HJC0350, ifenprodil, KT5720, L-732,138, MK-801, ML-786, NKH-477, (2R/S)-6-PNG, protein kinase inhibitor 14–22 (PKI 14–22), SNX-482, SQ22536, Torin-2, U0126 and U-73122 were from Tocris (Ellisville, MO). Baclofen and capsazepine were from Research Biochemicals International (RBI, now Sigma-Aldrich). Bovine serum albumin, cyanquixaline (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) (CNQX), complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), ketamine, lidocaine, Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail 2 and common reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich. Matrigel was from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA). Fura2-AM, nerve growth factor, neurobasal media, NuPAGE Tris-Acetate SDS gels, NuPAGE reagents and Pierce™ Protein-Free T20 (TBS) blocking buffer were from Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY. Halt™ Protease Inhibitor Cocktail and Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Fetal bovine serum was from Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA. Drugs were prepared as stock solutions of 1–10 mM in DMSO or water and then diluted in aCSF.
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8

Neuroinflammation Pathway Protocol

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Chemicals not specified were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Tetrodotoxin, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), SQ22536 and H-89 were obtained from Tocris Bio-Techne (Minneapolis, MN). Isovaleric acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in Krebs buffer (pH 7.2). Eagle’s essential amino acid mixture was obtained from ThermoFisher, (Waltham, MA). Adenosine 5’-triphosphate [γ−32P] 6000 Ci/mmol was acquired from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA). Kemptide was acquired from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI).
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9

Purinergic Autoreceptor Modulation in Astrocytes

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Drugs were purchased from either Sigma (apyrase, thapsigargin, cyclopiazonic acid – CPA) or Tocris Bioscience (MRS 2179, SQ22536 and U73122). Two approaches were used to investigate involvement of purinergic autoreceptors on astrocytes. MRS 2179 is widely considered to be a selective antagonist of metabotropic P2Y1 receptors, but may also affect P2X1 and P2X3 receptors [21] (link). apyrase is an ATP-degrading enzyme which can be used to non-discriminately block the actions of extracellular ATP. apyrase was applied for 30 min before light-stimulation of astrocytes.
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10

Cyclic Nucleotide Regulation of I(h) Channels

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8-bromo-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) sodium salt, 8-bromo-guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) sodium salt (Tocris, R+D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany), Cytidine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cCMP), sodium salt and Uridine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cUMP), sodium salt (BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Bremen, Germany) were added to the recording pipette. Properties of Ih were determined 10–15 min after obtaining the whole-cell configuration. The soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; Sigma, Munich, Germany) was prepared as a stock solution in DMSO (10 mM) and diluted in ACSF to obtain the final concentration (10 μM). The concentration of DMSO was below 0.1%. Slices were kept for 10 min in ODQ before starting the recordings. In order to block adenylyl cyclase, the slices were preincubated with 200 μM SQ 22536 (Tocris) for 2 h. HCN channels were blocked by washing the slices for 10 min with 20 μM ZD7288 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Inward-rectifier K+ channels were blocked by Tertiapin-Q (Tocris).
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