Spermidine trihydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Spermidine trihydrochloride is a chemical compound commonly used in research laboratories. It is a polyamine compound that can be utilized as a reagent or precursor in various scientific applications. The core function of spermidine trihydrochloride is to serve as a biochemical tool for researchers, without further interpretation or extrapolation on its intended use.

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Spermidine (217 citations) Spermidine trihydrochloride (SPD, (3 citations) Trihydrochloride (2 citations)

30 protocols using spermidine trihydrochloride

Gelatin-Based Hydrogel Synthesis

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Gelatin A from porcine
skin, GG (Gelzan CM Gelrite, M_w 1000 g
mol^–1), spermidine trihydrochloride (SPD), sucrose,
adipic dihydrazide (ADH), carbodihydrazide (CDH), dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO), ethylene glycol, 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]-carbodiimide
(EDC), hydroxylamine hydrochloride, N-hydroxybentzotriazole
(HOBt), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, deuterium oxide (99.9 atom % D, contains
0.05 wt % 3-(trimethylsilyl)-propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid, sodium salt),
hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride
(NaCl), and sodium periodate (NaIO₄) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dialysis membrane (Spectra/Por
12–14 kDa) was purchased from Spectrum Laboratories (Rancho
Dominguez, CA, USA).

Koivisto J.T., Gering C., Karvinen J., Maria Cherian R., Belay B., Hyttinen J., Aalto-Setälä K., Kellomäki M, & Parraga J. (2019). Mechanically Biomimetic Gelatin–Gellan Gum Hydrogels for 3D Culture of Beating Human Cardiomyocytes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11(23), 20589-20602.

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Biogenic Amine Detection and Analysis Protocol

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Biogenic amine standards (histamine dihydrochloride (HIS), tryptamine hydrochloride (TRP), 2-phenylethylamine (2-PHE), putrescine dihydrochloride (PUT), cadaverine dihydrochloride (CAD), tyramine hydrochloride (TYR), spermidine trihydrochloride (SPD), and spermine tetrahydrochloride (SPM)) and dansyl chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Perchloric acid, 25% ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide sodium hydrogen carbonate, and diethyl ether were acquired from Daejung Chemical Co. (Siheung, Korea). Acetone and acetonitrile (High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade) were purchased from Tedia Co. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Compound mixtures of amino acids, borate buffer, o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl) were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Andover, MA, USA).

Yoon S.H., Koh E., Choi B, & Moon B. (2019). Effects of Soaking and Fermentation Time on Biogenic Amines Content of Maesil (Prunus Mume) Extract. Foods, 8(11), 592.

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Quantification of Biogenic Amines

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All chemicals, unless otherwise stated, were of the highest quality and were used as supplied. All the standard biogenic amines (putrescine dihydrochloride, agmatine sulfate, histamine dihydrochloride, 2-phenylethylamine, tyramine hydrochloride, spermine tetrahydrochloride, tryptamine hydrochloride, spermidine trihydrochloride and cadaverine dihydrochloride) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade ammonium acetate and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Damstadt, Germany).

Bahuguna A., Shukla S., Lee J.S., Bajpai V.K., Kim S.Y., Huh Y.S., Han Y.K, & Kim M. (2019). Garlic augments the functional and nutritional behavior of Doenjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean paste. Scientific Reports, 9, 5436.

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Inflammatory Stimulation and Autophagy Regulation

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For pro-inflammatory stimulation, cells were either treated with LPS (1 μg/ml, Sigma, L4391-1MG) for 3 h followed by ATP (2 mM, Sigma Aldrich, A6419-5g; 4 mM for ASC speck/inflammasome formation) for 45 min or with PolyI:C (50 µg/ml, InVivoGen, tlrl-picw-250) for 6 h if not stated otherwise. Spermidine trihydrochloride (Sigma, S2501-5G) diluted in complete medium was added as indicated. Autophagy was activated by keeping cells in HBSS for 2 h prior to treatment (24020-091, Invitrogen) and blocked by addition of 3-MA (Sigma-Aldrich, M9282, final concentration 10 mM). The ASC oligomerization inhibitor MCC950 (inhmcc, Invivogen) was used with a final concentration of 300 nM.

Freitag K., Sterczyk N., Schulz J., Houtman J., Fleck L., Sigrist S.J., Heppner F.L., & Jendrach M. (2020). The autophagy activator Spermidine ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease pathology and neuroinflammation in mice.

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Determination of Biogenic Amines

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Histamine dihydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine dihydrochloride, peroxidase, and N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyaniline (DAOS) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical (Japan). Spermidine trihydrochloride, and spermine tetrahydrochloride were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (USA). 4-aminoantipyrine was purchased from Biobasic Chemical Industries (Canada).
Betahistine supplied from Shahredaru pharmaceutical co. (Iran). All reagents were analytical grade.

Sadeghi H., Arjmand S., Siadat S.O.R., Fooladi J., & Ebrahimipour G. (2020). A novel thermostable alkaline histamine oxidase from Glutamicibacter sp. N1A310, induced by histamine and its analogue betahistine.

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Bioactive Amine and Amino Acid Analysis

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The reagents were of analytical grade, except high performance liquid chromatography -HPLC solvents. Ultrapure-water was from Milli-Q Plus (Millipore Corp., Milford, MA, USA). Bioactive amines (putrescine dihydrochloride, spermidine trihydrochloride, spermine tetrahydrochloride, agmatine sulfate, cadaverine dihydrochloride, serotonin hydrochloride, histamine dihydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride), ammonium chloride, and L-amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, asparagine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine hydrochloride, threonine, arginine hydrochloride, alanine, proline, cystine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, lysine hydrochloride, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and norvaline) standards were from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). AccQ.FluorTM pre-column derivatization kit was from Waters (Milford, MA, USA). Analytical grade reagents were purchased from Merck (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) and Hexis Científica (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil).

Deus V.L., Bispo E.S., Franca A.S., & Glória M.B.A. (2020). Influence of cocoa clones on the quality and functional properties of chocolate – Nitrogenous compounds. LWT, 134, 110202-110202.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Biogenic Amines

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1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) (no. E7750), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (no. 130672), DAO (D7876), histamine dihydrochloride (no. 53300), hydrochloride of tyramine, tryptamine and 2-phenylethylamine, dihydrochloride of putrescine and cadaverine, spermine tetrahydrochloride, and spermidine trihydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). l-histidine was purchased from Aladdin Industrial, Inc. (Shanghai, China). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was purchased from Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The other reagents used in this study were analytical reagents from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). MGO was obtained from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Ultrapure water was obtained from an HYJD ultrapure water system (Hangzhou, China).

Xu X., Wu X., Zhuang S., Zhang Y., Ding Y, & Zhou X. (2022). Colorimetric Biosensor Based on Magnetic Enzyme and Gold Nanorods for Visual Detection of Fish Freshness. Biosensors, 12(2), 135.

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Quantitative Analysis of Biogenic Amines

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Stock standard solutions of BA, including tryptamine, β-phenylethylamine hydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine dihydrochloride, histamine dihydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, spermidine trihydrochloride, and spermine tetrahydrochloride (all from Sigma-Aldrich), were separately prepared at 10,000 mg/L concentration in deionized water. Working solutions at 1000 mg/L concentration were prepared by diluting 1 mL of each stock solution in deionized water to bring to a final volume of 10 mL. The concentrations of all standard solutions used were 0, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 mg/L. In addition, 1,7-diaminoheptane (Sigma-Aldrich) served as an internal standard.

Lee J.H., Jin Y.H., Park Y.K., Yun S.J, & Mah J.H. (2019). Formation of Biogenic Amines in Pa (Green Onion) Kimchi and Gat (Mustard Leaf) Kimchi. Foods, 8(3), 109.

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Preparation of Biogenic Amine Standards

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Standard solutions with concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 ppm were prepared for tryptamine, β-phenylethylamine hydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine dihydrochloride, histamine dihydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, spermidine trihydrochloride, and spermine tetrahydrochloride (all from Sigma-Aldrich). Internal standard solution with the same concentrations was prepared using 1,7-diaminoheptane (Sigma-Aldrich).

Park Y.K., Jin Y.H., Lee J.H., Byun B.Y., Lee J., Jeong K.C, & Mah J.H. (2020). The Role of Enterococcus faecium as a Key Producer and Fermentation Condition as an Influencing Factor in Tyramine Accumulation in Cheonggukjang. Foods, 9(7), 915.

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Reagents for Cell Stress Assays

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The following reagents were used in this study: torin1 (Tocris Bioscience), harringtonine (LKT Laboratories), T-2 toxin (Cayman), spermidine trihydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich), salubrinal and NSC119889 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Sodium ortho-arsenite (in the form of dihydroarsenite, NaH₂AsO₃) was kindly provided by Pavel Ivanov (MSU). 10 mM harringtonine, T-2 toxin, salubrinal and NSC119889 stock solutions in DMSO, 100 μM torin1 in DMSO, 1 M spermidine and arsenite water solutions were prepared and stored at −85 °C.

Akulich K.A., Andreev D.E., Terenin I.M., Smirnova V.V., Anisimova A.S., Makeeva D.S., Arkhipova V.I., Stolboushkina E.A., Garber M.B., Prokofjeva M.M., Spirin P.V., Prassolov V.S., Shatsky I.N, & Dmitriev S.E. (2016). Four translation initiation pathways employed by the leaderless mRNA in eukaryotes. Scientific Reports, 6, 37905.

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