Mitochondrial pesticides chlorfenapyr (CAS Number 122453-73-0), hydramethylnon (CAS Number 67485-29-4), pyridaben (CAS Number 96489-71-3), tolfenpyrad (CAS Number 129558-76-5), and fenazaquin (CAS Number 120928-09-8) and non-mitochondrial pesticides i midacloprid (CAS Number 138261-41-3), deltamethrin (CAS Number 52918-63-5), malathion (CAS Number 121-75-5), metribuzin (CAS Number 21087-64-9), penconazole (CAS Number 66246-88-6), cypermethrin (CAS Number 52315-07-8), and esfenvalerate (CAS Number 66230-04-4) were from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. All pesticides were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 10 mM.
Penconazole
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
Penconazole is a fungicide used in laboratory settings. It is a triazole compound that functions as an ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor, disrupting the production of an essential component of fungal cell membranes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Azoxystrobin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Deltamethrin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tebuconazole, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Myclobutanil, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Epoxiconazole, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pyridaben, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Malathion, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hexaconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Triticonazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fluconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Difenoconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bromuconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pyraclostrobin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Propiconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Imazalil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Biopack (2 mentions)
Cyproxonazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Anhydrous sodium sulfate, by Biopack (2 mentions)
8 protocols using penconazole
1
Pesticide Effects on Mitochondrial Function
2
Conazole Compounds Procurement and Preparation
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The ten selected conazoles (Table 1 ) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands): cyproconazole (CYPRO; 99.8%, CAS# 94361-06-5), fluconazole (FLUC; ≥98%, CAS# 86386-73-4), flusilazole (FLUS; 99.8%, CAS# 85509-19-9), hexaconazole (HEXA; 99.7%, CAS# 79983-71-4), myclobutanil (MYC; 99.3%, CAS# 88671-89-0), penconazole (PEN; 99.1%, CAS# 66246-88-6), prochloraz (PRO; 99.1%, CAS# 67747-09-5), tebuconazole (TEBU; 99.6%, CAS# 107534-96-3), triadimefon (TRIA; 99.7%, CAS# 43121-43-3), and triticonazole (TRIT; 98.8%, CAS# 131983-72-7). SU10603 was a kind gift from Dr. Honora Cooper Eckhardt (Hovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Summit, USA). Stock solutions were prepared in DMSO resulting in a maximal solvent concentration of 0.1% (v/v) in the exposure medium.
3
Triazole Antifungal Powders: Characterization
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Triazole antifungal powders, difenoconazole (DFZ), epoxyconazole (EPZ), penconazole (PNZ), tebuconazole (TBZ), metconazole (MTZ), bromuconazole (BMZ), prothioconazole (PTZ), fluconazole (FCZ), voriconazole (VOR), itraconazole (ITR), posaconazole (POZ) and isavuconazole (ISZ) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, France.
4
Analytical Standards for Pesticide Detection
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L-menthol (natural source, food grade, ≥ 99% purity), BHT (food grade, ≥ 99% purity), formic acid, elevated purity grade solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol), as well as analytical standards of azoxystrobin, boscalid, buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, clofentezine, dodine, fludioxonil, hexythiazox, methoxyfenozide, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyriproxyfen, pyridaben, spirotetramat, tebuconazole and tebufenpyrad were purchased from Sigma Aldrich-Merck S.r.l. (Milan, Italy). A Milli-Q Plus apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA.) was used for obtaining ultrapure water.
Weighted amounts of the analytical standards (OhausDV215CD Discovery semi-micro and analytical balance, 81/210 g capacity, 0.01/0.1 mg readability, Ohaus Corporation, Pine Brook, NJ, USA) were dissolved in methanol or toluene (clofentezine and pyraclostrobin) in volumetric flasks, in order to obtain individual stock solutions at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1.The last ones were diluted in methanol for preparing the multi-standard working solutions at 0.02, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 ng μL−1 used for the method validation.
Weighted amounts of the analytical standards (OhausDV215CD Discovery semi-micro and analytical balance, 81/210 g capacity, 0.01/0.1 mg readability, Ohaus Corporation, Pine Brook, NJ, USA) were dissolved in methanol or toluene (clofentezine and pyraclostrobin) in volumetric flasks, in order to obtain individual stock solutions at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1.The last ones were diluted in methanol for preparing the multi-standard working solutions at 0.02, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 ng μL−1 used for the method validation.
5
Nano-Cs-NAT Synthesis and Analysis
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The reagents required for Nano-Cs-NAT synthesis: medium molecular weight chitosan, N-isopropylacrylamide, acrylic acid, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and ammonium persulphate, were all supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), as well as the analytical standards of penconazole, imazalil, hexaconazole, usilazole, triticonazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, bromuconazole, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. LC-MS grade acetonitrile, methanol and water were purchased by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid was acquired from Fisher Scientic (Waltham, MA, USA). Working solutions were daily prepared from methanol stock solutions conserved at -20 °C.
6
Pesticides Analysis in Samples
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The pesticides standards of deltamethrin, penconazole, kresoxim-methyl, cyproxonazole, epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). The stock solutions (1000 mg/L) were prepared by dissolving the standards in methanol HPLC grade (99.9%) purchased by Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina), and stored under freezing condition (-18°C ± 1°C) in dark bottles sealed with PTFE/silicone caps. The working standard solutions (50 mg/L) were prepared in acetonitrile (ACN) of high purity grade for residue analysis, provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, United States) was used for sample swelling in the extraction step.
For extraction and partitioning, sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from Biopack (Buenos Aires, Argentina); sodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). For clean-up using d-SPE, C18 and PSA bulk powder were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, United States).
Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, United States) was used for sample swelling in the extraction step.
For extraction and partitioning, sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from Biopack (Buenos Aires, Argentina); sodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). For clean-up using d-SPE, C18 and PSA bulk powder were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, United States).
7
Pesticides Analysis in Samples
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The pesticides standards of deltamethrin, penconazole, kresoxim-methyl, cyproxonazole, epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). The stock solutions (1000 mg/L) were prepared by dissolving the standards in methanol HPLC grade (99.9%) purchased by Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina), and stored under freezing condition (-18°C ± 1°C) in dark bottles sealed with PTFE/silicone caps. The working standard solutions (50 mg/L) were prepared in acetonitrile (ACN) of high purity grade for residue analysis, provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, United States) was used for sample swelling in the extraction step.
For extraction and partitioning, sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from Biopack (Buenos Aires, Argentina); sodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). For clean-up using d-SPE, C18 and PSA bulk powder were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, United States).
Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, United States) was used for sample swelling in the extraction step.
For extraction and partitioning, sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium sulfate were purchased from Biopack (Buenos Aires, Argentina); sodium hydrogencitrate sesquihydrate and sodium citrate dihydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). For clean-up using d-SPE, C18 and PSA bulk powder were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, United States).
8
Pesticide Standards for Analytical Methods
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Diazinon, methyl-parathion, fenitrotion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, triadimephon, penconazole, imazalil, myclobutanil, ethion, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, bromopropylate, lindane, endosulfan, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide A, trans-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDD standards of high purity (>98%) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). The stock solutions (1 g l -1 ) were prepared by dissolving the standards in methanol HPLC grade (99.9%) from Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) and stored under freezing condition (-18 °C) in dark bottles sealed with PTFE/silicone caps. The working standard solutions (50 mg l -1 ) were prepared in hexane HPLC grade (99.9%) purchased by Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, USA) was used for physical-chemical analysis.
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