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Phenformin

Manufactured by Cayman Chemical
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Phenformin is a laboratory reagent and chemical intermediate used in research and development. It is a biguanide compound with the molecular formula C10H15N3O. Phenformin is commonly used as a precursor in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.

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Lab products found in correlation

Metformin, by Cayman Chemical (5 mentions) L aspartic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sodium lactate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium pyruvate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Trypsin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Uk5099, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions) L alanine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Rotenone, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Mycoalert, by Lonza (2 mentions) Azd3965, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Corning (2 mentions) Cisplatin, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions) Dimethyl α ketoglutarate dmkg, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Bay 876, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions) Antibodies against cleaved parp, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Smarca2, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Iacs 010759, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions) β actin, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions) Disulfiram, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions) Ferrostatin, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)

12 protocols using phenformin

1

Metabolic Regulators and Cell Death

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IACS-010759 (S8731), CB839 (S7655), oligomycin A (S1478), rotenone (S2348), BAY-876 (S8452), and cisplatin (S1166) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, Texas, USA). Alanine (550-001-EG) was obtained from Wisent Bio (Montreal, QC, Canada). 13C5-Glutamine (CLM-1822), 13C6-Glucose (CLM-1396), were from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories (Tewksbury, MA). Metformin (#13118) and Phenformin (#14997) were from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate (DMKG, #349631) was from Sigma (Oakville, ON, Canada). Caspase3/7 green dye (4440) was from Sartorius (Goettingen, Germany). Antibodies against HSP90 (H-114, 1:1,0000) and β-Actin (Cat# sc-47778, 1:1,0000) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA); antibodies against cleaved PARP (Cat# 5625, 1:1,000) and SMARCA2 (Cat# 11996, 1:1,000) were from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA); antibody against SMARCA4 (A300-813A, 1:1,000) and (ab110641, 1:5000) were from Bethyl Laboratories (Montgomery, TX, USA) and Abcam (Tornoto, ON, Canada), respectively; antibody against SLC2A1 (ab15309, 1:1,000) was from Abcam; antibody against SLC38A2 (BMP081, 1:1,000) was from MBL (Woburn, MA, USA). Antibodies for immunohistochemistry are listed in the corresponding method section below.
Zhu X., Fu Z., Chen S.Y., Ong D., Aceto G., Ho R., Steinberger J., Monast A., Pilon V., Li E., Ta M., Ching K., Adams B.N., Negri G.L., Choiniere L., Fu L., Pavlakis K., Pirrotte P., Avizonis D.Z., Trent J., Weissman B.E., Klein Geltink R.I., Morin G.B., Park M., Huntsman D.G., Foulkes W.D., Wang Y, & Huang S. (2023). Alanine supplementation exploits glutamine dependency induced by SMARCA4/2-loss. Nature Communications, 14, 2894.
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2

Cell Culture Conditions for Breast Cancer

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MCF7 (from ATCC) and previously established neuT and neuTemt cells [32 (link)] were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin-streptomycin. MCF10DCIS.com cells (obtained from Asterand) and DCIS-Snai1-ER cells [33 (link)] were maintained in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 5% horse serum. Glucose-, pyruvate- and glutamine-free DMEM was obtained from Gibco (catalog A14430). Glucose and glutamine were added to reconstitute low-glucose media. Metformin, phenformin, 2DG, BAY-876, disulfiram, ferrostatin, and necrostatin were purchased form Cayman Chemical.
Liang M., Li J.W., Luo H., Lulu S., Calbay O., Shenoy A., Tan M., Law B.K., Huang S., Xiao T.S., Chen H., Wu L., Chang J, & Lu J. (2022). Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Suppresses AMPK and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Pyroptosis under Energy Stress. Cells, 11(14), 2208.
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3

Authentication and Characterization of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines

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MIAPaCa-2, BxPC-3, Capan-1, Panc03.27, Panc10.05, PL45, and HPNE cell lines were obtained from ATCC. PaTu-8902, PaTu-8988T, and YAPC cells lines were obtained from DSMZ. UM6, UM19, UM28, UM32, UM53, and UM76 were generated from primary patient tumors at the University of Michigan. Human pancreatic stellate cells (also described here as hCAFs) were a generous gift from Rosa Hwang (Hwang et al., 2008 (link)). The mCAFs were isolated as described below. All cell lines were cultured in high-glucose DMEM (Gibco) without pyruvate and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Corning). A 0.25% trypsin (Gibco) was used to detach and passage cells. Cell lines were tested regularly for mycoplasma contamination using MycoAlert (Lonza). All cell lines in this study were validated for authentication using STR profiling via the University of Michigan Advanced Genomics Core. L-Aspartic acid (Sigma), dimethyl-α-kG (Sigma), adenine (Sigma), guanine (Sigma), thymine (Sigma), cytosine (Sigma), sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen), αKB (Sigma), NMN (Sigma), L-alanine (Sigma), and sodium lactate (Sigma) were used at the indicated concentrations. UK5099, AZD3965, and phenformin were purchased from Cayman chemical, Rotenone from Sigma, FX11 from MedChem Express, and IACS-010759 was generously provided by Dr Giulio Draetta, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Kerk S.A., Lin L., Myers A.L., Sutton D.J., Andren A., Sajjakulnukit P., Zhang L., Zhang Y., Jiménez J.A., Nelson B.S., Chen B., Robinson A., Thurston G., Kemp S.B., Steele N.G., Hoffman M.T., Wen H.J., Long D., Ackenhusen S.E., Ramos J., Gao X., Nwosu Z.C., Galban S., Halbrook C.J., Lombard D.B., Piwnica-Worms D.R., Ying H., Pasca di Magliano M., Crawford H.C., Shah Y.M, & Lyssiotis C.A. (2022). Metabolic requirement for GOT2 in pancreatic cancer depends on environmental context. eLife, 11, e73245.
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4

Metformin Inhibits OVA-Specific CD4+ T Cell Activation

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ABCs and FO B cells were purified from spleens by cell sorter and plated into round bottom 96 well plate (105 cells/well). OVA protein (EndoFit OVA was purchased from InvivoGen, cat# vac-pova) was added (10 µg/ml) for 3 hours before addition of T cells. Naïve CD4 T cells were isolated from spleens of OT II mice by CD4+ naïve T cell isolation kit from Stem cell technologies (cat# 19765A, Stem cell technology). Purity of naïve CD4+ T cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and average 95% purity was obtained. Isolated naïve CD4+ T cells were added to the B cell culture at the ratio of 2:1 (B cells: T cells) in total 200 µl. Cells were incubated at 37 °C, CO2 (5%) incubator for 3-4 days. For metformin inhibition assay, isolated B cells were incubated with 1 mM metformin (item no. 13118, Cayman chemical) or phenformin (item no. 14997, Cayman chemical) for 2-3 hours and cells were washed with media 3 times to remove free metformin in the following culture.
Ramirez De Oleo I., Kim V., Atisha-Fregoso Y., Shih A.J., Lee K., Diamond B, & Kim S.J. (2023). Phenotypic and functional characteristics of murine CD11c+ B cells which is suppressed by metformin. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1241531.
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5

Antibodies and Reagents for Cancer Research

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Antibodies recognizing Hexokinase I (C35C4), Hexokinase II (C64G5), phospho-pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2) (Tyr105), PKM2 (D78A4), α-tubulin, phospho-EGFR (Tyr1068) (1H12), phospho-AKT (Ser473), and phospho-p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (Thr202/Tyr204) (20G11) were purchased from Cell signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1-alpha subunit (S293) and total OXPHOS human antibody cocktail were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). Antiglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was supplied from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA) and anti-Flag was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Epidermal growth factor (EGF), sodium 2-oxobutyrate (AKB), and L-aspartic acid were supplied from Sigma Aldrich. Gefitinib and osimertinib were obtained from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Erlotinib, phenformin, and rotenone were purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).
Kim S., Im J.H., Kim W.K., Choi Y.J., Lee J.Y., Kim S.K., Kim S.J., Kwon S.W, & Kang K.W. (2021). Enhanced Sensitivity of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer with Acquired Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Phenformin: The Roles of a Metabolic Shift to Oxidative Phosphorylation and Redox Balance. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 5428364.
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6

Apoptosis Evaluation in T98G Cells

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To evaluate apoptotic cell death, we treated T98G cells with GH 4 µM, phenformin 100 µM (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) alone or in combination, for 48 h. Cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Samples were acquired with BD FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA, USA), and the data was analyzed using the CellQuest Pro software (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).
Singh S., De Carlo F., Ibrahim M.A., Penfornis P., Mouton A.J., Tripathi S.K., Agarwal A.K., Eastham L., Pasco D.S., Balachandran P, & Claudio P.P. (2023). The Oligostilbene Gnetin H Is a Novel Glycolysis Inhibitor That Regulates Thioredoxin Interacting Protein Expression and Synergizes with OXPHOS Inhibitor in Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7741.
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7

Molecular Modulators for Cell Signaling

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LTX (Cayman Chemical, 18049), WDR5-0103 (SelleckChem, S2184), OICR-9429(SelleckChem, S7833), MI-463 (SelleckChem, S7816), MI-503 (SelleckChem, S7817), MTX (MedChemExpress, HY-14519), SHIN1 (MedChemExpress, HY-112066), Piericidin A (Cayman Chemical, 15379), Phenformin (Cayman Chemical, 14997), thymidine (Millipore Sigma, T1895-1G), inosine (Millipore Sigma, I4125-1G), and HTX (Cayman Chemical, 22254) were used with concentrations and durations specified for different experiments.
Zhao Z., Cao K., Watanabe J., Philips C.N., Zeidner J.M., Ishi Y., Wang Q., Gold S.R., Junkins K., Bartom E.T., Yue F., Chandel N.S., Hashizume R., Ben-Sahra I, & Shilatifard A. (2023). Therapeutic targeting of metabolic vulnerabilities in cancers with MLL3/4-COMPASS epigenetic regulator mutations. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 133(13), e169993.
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8

Cytotoxicity Screening of Asparaginase, Phenformin, Metformin, and Imiquimod

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Cells were seeded at 750 (mouse) or 1000 (human RD) cells per well in 96-well plates with 100 µL medium. After 24 h, cells were exposed to asparaginase (MBS142428, Biozol), phenformin (14997, Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), metformin (13118, Cayman Chemical) and imiquimod (14956, Cayman Chemical) at defined concentrations. Chemical treatments were repeated every 48 h for up to 6 days in total. To determine cell growth, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (M2003, Sigma-Aldrich) was solved in PBS to a final concentration of 12 mM. In brief, 10 µL of MTT solution was added per well and incubated for 4 h. Then, 100 µL dissolving solution (10% SDS (L3771, Sigma-Aldrich) with 0.01M HCL) was added to each well and incubated for 12–16 h. Optical densities at 570 nm were measured with a Tecan Sunrise absorbance microplate reader.
Bauer C., Quante M., Breunis W.B., Regina C., Schneider M., Andrieux G., Gorka O., Groß O., Boerries M., Kammerer B, & Hettmer S. (2021). Lack of Electron Acceptors Contributes to Redox Stress and Growth Arrest in Asparagine-Starved Sarcoma Cells. Cancers, 13(3), 412.
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9

Phenformin Effects on PGNS and GO

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Phenformin
(Cayman Chemical,
Michigan, United States) was added in increasing concentrations (15
μM to 1 mM) to 1 mg/mL of PGNS and GO suspensions. After 24
h, 3000 RCF centrifugation for 10 min was performed to sediment larger
agglomerates. The supernatants were collected, and their concentration
was measured using UV–vis spectroscopy by integrating the area
under the spectrum in the visible range between 400 and 900 nm.
Alhourani A., Førde J.L., Eichacker L.A., Herfindal L, & Hagland H.R. (2021). Improved pH-Responsive Release of Phenformin from Low-Defect Graphene Compared to Graphene Oxide. ACS Omega, 6(38), 24619-24629.
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10

Regulation of the Integrated Stress Response

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Tunicamycin and ISRIB were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Metformin
and Phenformin was purchased from Cayman Chemicals and GSK2606414 from
Calbiochem. The antibody for GDF15 and CHOP (sc-7351) were obtained from
Santa Cruz. Phospho S51 EIF2α (ab32157) and Calnexin (ab75801) were
purchased from Abcam. The antibody for ATF4 was a kind gift from Dr David
Ron (CIMR, Cambridge).
Coll A.P., Chen M., Taskar P., Rimmington D., Patel S., Tadross J., Cimino I., Yang M., Welsh P., Virtue S., Goldspink D.A., Miedzybrodzka E.L., Konopka A.R., Esponda R.R., Huang J.T., Tung Y.C., Rodriguez-Cuenca S., Tomaz R.A., Harding H.P., Melvin A., Yeo G.S., Preiss D., Vidal-Puig A., Vallier L., Nair K.S., Wareham N.J., Ron D., Gribble F.M., Reimann F., Sattar N., Savage D.B., Allan B.B, & O'Rahilly S. (2019). GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance. Nature, 578(7795), 444-448.
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