For the quantification of the number of tip cells, tile-scan images of the whole sprouting front were taken with a C-Apochromat Corr, NA 1.20, water 40x objective in a confocal Laser Point-Scanning Microscope 880 (Zeiss). The number of tip cells was then counted, and the values normalized by the sprouting front length.
Regarding vessel density, tile-scan images of the whole petal were acquired using a Plan-Apochromat, NA 0.8, air 20x objective in a confocal Laser Point-Scanning Microscope 880 (Zeiss). After vessel segmentation using FIJI and Photoshop, vessel density was calculated as a ratio between vessel area and total area of the petal.
Endothelial cell density was calculated using 20x tile-scan images acquired in a confocal Laser Point-Scanning Microscope 880 (Zeiss). The number of ERG+ nuclei counted manually was normalized by the vascularized area for each petal (two petals for each retina).