Mili-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was applied for the purification of distilled water. Kemika d.d. (Zagreb, Croatia) supplied ethanol (96%), methanol, sodium chloride, Fe (III) chloride hexahydrate, sodium acetate (99%), sodium bicarbonate, and HPLC grade formic acid (99%). Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) supplied maltodextrin (DE 4–7), bile salts, porcine pancreatin, porcine gastric mucosa pepsin, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6- trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH), as well as standards of quercetin-3-glucoside, myricetin, gallic, syringic, ferulic, protocatechuic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, and rosmarinic acid. Gum arabic, β-cyclodextrin, Trolox, and 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Honeywell Riedel-de-Haën (Charlotte, NC, USA) supplied fluorescein sodium salt, while J.T.Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands) supplied glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid (37%), and HPLC grade acetonitrile. Extrasynthese (Genay, France) supplied standards of procyanidin B2, rutin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, luteolin, apigenin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate. Methanol (ethanol with 0.5% v/v DMSO for apigenin) stock solutions of the standards were used to produce five working standard dilutions.
Gum arabic
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Belgium, Portugal, United States
Gum arabic is a natural polysaccharide derived from the sap of certain Acacia tree species. It functions as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent in various applications, including food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Apple pectin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Deuterium oxide 99.9, by Deutero (2 mentions)
Carrageenan, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Acrylic acid, by Alpha Chemika (2 mentions)
Bile salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trolox, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Porcine pancreatin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mili q system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 4 6 tri 2 pyridyl s triazine tptz, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Porcine gastric mucosa pepsin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
β cyclodextrin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Maltodextrin de 4 7, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Quercetin 3 glucoside, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Evans blue, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Bio Basic (1 mentions)
Poly vinyl alcohol pva, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Jeffamine d2000, by Huntsman (1 mentions)
10 protocols using gum arabic
1
Standardized Preparation and Analysis of Plant Extracts
2
Gastrointestinal Transit Time Assay
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Gastrointestinal transit time was measured one day prior to euthanasia. Mice were fasted for 6 hours and 200 μl of 5% Evans blue (Sigma) in 5% gum arabic (ACROS organics) was orally gavaged using a ball tip 20 gauge 1.5’’, 2.25mm curved animal feeding needle. Each mouse was labelled, with the time of dye administration recorded. Mice were transferred to clean empty cages and the time to pass the first blue fecal pellet was recorded. Gastrointestinal transit time was calculated for each mouse.
3
Quantifying Epicuticular and Intracuticular Waxes
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Epicuticular waxes were removed by applying a Gum arabic solution on the surface (Jetter and Schaffer, 2001 (link)). Intracuticular waxes were calculated by subtracting epicuticular waxes from total chloroform-extracted cuticular waxes. Gum arabic (Acros Organics) was washed with chloroform using a Soxhlet extractor at 40 °C for 48 h (Buschhaus and Jetter, 2007 (link)) and subsequently used to prepare a 0.6 g mL−1 solution in sterile deionized water. Twelve plants were employed to produce four biological replicates per sample. After removing the midrib, one half of each leaf segment was used to extract epicuticular waxes and the other half was immersed in chloroform for total cuticular wax analysis. Gum arabic solution was applied to four 3-cm-long segments corresponding to 4–7, 8–11, 12–15 and 19–22 cm from the leaf base; for each sample, the gum was applied to two pieces on the adaxial side and two pieces on the abaxial side. Gum pieces were peeled off and photographed alongside a ruler to determine surface area using ImageJ software. Gum pieces were extracted with chloroform and waxes analysed following the same procedure described above.
4
Characterization of Polysaccharides from Various Sources
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Deuterium oxide 99.9% with 0.03% trimethylsilylpropanoic acid (TMSP) was purchased from Deutero GmbH (Kastellaun, Germany). ĸ-Carrageenan and gum arabic were obtained from Acros organics (New Jersey, USA). Guar gum ~ 5000 cP was obtained from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Locust bean gum was purchased from Vitanatur GmbH (Stockstadt am Rhein, Germany). Apple pectin was obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Vivaspin Turbo 15, Membrane 100.000 MWCO Ultrafiltration Centrifugal Mannose and galactose (ratio 2:1) [24] 2000-3000 kDa [24] ĸ-Carrageenan (E407)
Galactose-4-sulfate, 3,6-anhydrogalactose [25] 200-800 kDa [25] Pectin (E440) Three polysaccharide structures isolated from primary cell walls: Homogalacturonan Rhamnogalacturonan I Rhamnogalacturonan II containing galacturonic acid as main chain and rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose as side chains; carboxyl groups can be methylated, hydroxyl groups can be acetylated [26] 50-150 kDa [27] gum arabic (E414) Three fractions: Arabinogalactan (main component), Arabinogalactan-protein complex Glycoprotein containing galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucoronic acid and proteins [21, 28] ~ 380 kDa (from Acacia senegal) ~ 850 kDa (from Acacia seyal) [21] 1 3
Concentrators were obtained from Sartorius Stedim Biontech GmbH (Goettingen, Germany).
Galactose-4-sulfate, 3,6-anhydrogalactose [25] 200-800 kDa [25] Pectin (E440) Three polysaccharide structures isolated from primary cell walls: Homogalacturonan Rhamnogalacturonan I Rhamnogalacturonan II containing galacturonic acid as main chain and rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose as side chains; carboxyl groups can be methylated, hydroxyl groups can be acetylated [26] 50-150 kDa [27] gum arabic (E414) Three fractions: Arabinogalactan (main component), Arabinogalactan-protein complex Glycoprotein containing galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucoronic acid and proteins [21, 28] ~ 380 kDa (from Acacia senegal) ~ 850 kDa (from Acacia seyal) [21] 1 3
Concentrators were obtained from Sartorius Stedim Biontech GmbH (Goettingen, Germany).
5
Characterization of Polysaccharides from Various Sources
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Deuterium oxide 99.9% with 0.03% trimethylsilylpropanoic acid (TMSP) was purchased from Deutero GmbH (Kastellaun, Germany). ĸ-Carrageenan and gum arabic were obtained from Acros organics (New Jersey, USA). Guar gum ~ 5000 cP was obtained from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Locust bean gum was purchased from Vitanatur GmbH (Stockstadt am Rhein, Germany). Apple pectin was obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Vivaspin Turbo 15, Membrane 100.000 MWCO Ultrafiltration Centrifugal Mannose and galactose (ratio 2:1) [24] 2000-3000 kDa [24] ĸ-Carrageenan (E407)
Galactose-4-sulfate, 3,6-anhydrogalactose [25] 200-800 kDa [25] Pectin (E440) Three polysaccharide structures isolated from primary cell walls: Homogalacturonan Rhamnogalacturonan I Rhamnogalacturonan II containing galacturonic acid as main chain and rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose as side chains; carboxyl groups can be methylated, hydroxyl groups can be acetylated [26] 50-150 kDa [27] gum arabic (E414) Three fractions: Arabinogalactan (main component), Arabinogalactan-protein complex Glycoprotein containing galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucoronic acid and proteins [21, 28] ~ 380 kDa (from Acacia senegal) ~ 850 kDa (from Acacia seyal) [21] 1 3
Concentrators were obtained from Sartorius Stedim Biontech GmbH (Goettingen, Germany).
Galactose-4-sulfate, 3,6-anhydrogalactose [25] 200-800 kDa [25] Pectin (E440) Three polysaccharide structures isolated from primary cell walls: Homogalacturonan Rhamnogalacturonan I Rhamnogalacturonan II containing galacturonic acid as main chain and rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose as side chains; carboxyl groups can be methylated, hydroxyl groups can be acetylated [26] 50-150 kDa [27] gum arabic (E414) Three fractions: Arabinogalactan (main component), Arabinogalactan-protein complex Glycoprotein containing galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucoronic acid and proteins [21, 28] ~ 380 kDa (from Acacia senegal) ~ 850 kDa (from Acacia seyal) [21] 1 3
Concentrators were obtained from Sartorius Stedim Biontech GmbH (Goettingen, Germany).
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-based Hydrogels
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Acrylic acid (purity > 99%) was purchased from Alpha Chemika, (Mumbai, India). Gum Arabic (GA) (purity > 98%) was obtained from Acros (Geel, Belgium). Chitosan (Mw 100,000–300,000, purity > 99%) was purchased from Bio Basic (Canada Inc). Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, purity > 98%) was purchased from El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Company (Oubour, Egypt). Genipin was purchased from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific USA). Ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8 (APS); purity > 99%) was obtained from Biochem laboratory chemicals (Cairo, Egypt). Sodium phosphate dibasic (purity > 99%, Na2HPO4), Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (purity > 98%, KH2PO4), Sodium Sulphate (purity > 98%, Na2SO4), Potassium chloride (purity > 99%, KCl), Calcium Chloride anhydrous (purity > 99%, CaCl2), and Sodium chloride (purity > 99.5%, NaCl) were obtained from Oxford Lab Chem, (Mumbai, India). Sodium Bicarbonate was purchased from El Gomhouria Co. (Egypt). Magnesium chloride MgCl2·6H2O was purchased from Nice Chemicals Ltd (Kerala, India).
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Gum Arabic Hydrogels
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Acrylic acid (AA; purity > 99%) was purchased from Alpha Chemika, Mumbai, India. Gum arabic (GA) (purity > 98%) was obtained from Acros (Geel, Belgium). Chitosan (Mw 100,000–300,000, purity > 99%) was purchased from Bio Basic (Canada Inc.). Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, purity > 98%) was purchased from El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Company (Oubour, Egypt). Ammonium persulfate (purity > 99%, (NH4)2S2O8) (APS) was obtained from Biochem laboratory chemicals (6th of October, Egypt). Sodium phosphate dibasic (purity > 99%, Na2HPO4), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (purity > 98%, KH2PO4), sodium sulphate (purity > 98%, Na2SO4), potassium chloride (purity > 99%, KCl), calcium chloride anhydrous (purity > 99%, CaCl2), and sodium chloride (purity > 99.5%, NaCl) were obtained from Oxford Lab Chem, Mumbai, India. Sodium bicarbonate was purchased from El Gomhouria Co. Egypt. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2·6H2O) was purchased from Nice Chemicals Ltd., Kerala, India.
Cortical femur bovine bone was purchased from a local slaughterhouse which has the approval of the Ministry of Health for clearance of potentially hazardous materials.
Cortical femur bovine bone was purchased from a local slaughterhouse which has the approval of the Ministry of Health for clearance of potentially hazardous materials.
8
Microencapsulation of Isophorone Diisocyanate
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Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI, with 98% purity) with the commercial name of Desmodur® I was encapsulated. It was obtained from Covestro AG (Leverkusen, Germany). A polyisocyanate of the commercial name Desmodur® RC, used as the shell precursor, was kindly supplied by CIPADE S.A (S. João da Madeira, Portugal). The emulsion stabilizer gum arabic (GA) was obtained from Fisher Chemical (Porto, Salvo, Portugal). A poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) aqueous solution (Mw 60,000, 50 wt% in H2O) and triethoxy(octyl)silane (n-OTES) were used. They were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Desmodur RC is much more reactive than Desmodur I; therefore, the former quickly and preferentially reacts at the interface, forming the shell.
9
Synthesis of Isocyanate-based Polyurethane Microcapsules
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The shell-forming isocyanate, a commercial methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) oligomer, Ongronat® 2500, and the monomeric IPDI, Desmodur® I, to be encapsulated, were kindly supplied by BorsodChem (Kazincbarcika, Hungary) and by Covestro AG (Leverkusen, Germany), respectively. The active (hydrogen) H source Jeffamine® D-2000, a polyetheramine, was supplied by Huntsman (The Woodlands, TX, USA). Regarding the emulsion stabilizers, the gum arabic (GA) was obtained from Fisher Chemical (Porto Salvo, Portugal), the Dabco® DC193 was purchased from Air Products, Dow Corning (Bristol, PA, USA), and the Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), (98–99% hydrolyzed, of medium molecular weight (MW), with an average of 57,000 to 66,000 gmol−1) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). All the chemicals were used as received, without further purification.
10
Encapsulation of Isocyanate in PCL
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The shell-forming polymer, PCL, with an average molecular weight (MW) of 45,000 Da, was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The isocyanate to be encapsulated, IPDI, with the commercial name of Desmodur I, was purchased from Covestro AG (Leverkusen, Germany). The emulsifiers, gum arabic (GA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (98–99% hydrolyzed, with medium MW, 57,000–67,000 Da), were purchased from Fisher Chemical (Porto Salvo, Portugal) and Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA), respectively. The Ciprene®2000 and Plastik®6275 adhesive pre-polymers, as well as the respective crosslinkers, Suprasec® 2234 and Ciprene® 2000, here used as benchmarks, were kindly by CIPADE, S.A (São João da Madeira, Portugal). All the chemicals were used as received, without further purification.
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