Isoleucine

Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q purifying system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were purchased from Merck (Damstadt, Germany). Standard compounds of histidine (1), arginine (3), cysteine (4), asparagine (5), serine (6), lysine (7), glutamine (8), proline (9), cytidine (10), hypoxanthine (11), deoxycytidine (12), uridine (13), tyrosine (14), guanine (15), guanosine(16), inosine(17), deoxyguanosine (19), isoleucine (20), leucine (21), thymidine (23), phenylalanine (24), tryptophan (27), epicatechin (33), rutin (34), hyperoside (35), and quercitrin (37) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China); glutamic acid (2), gallic acid (22) and apigenin (43) were obtained from Chinese National Institute of Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China); fumaric acid (18), gallocatechin (25), epigallocatechin (28), cryptochlorogenic acid (31), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (39) and amentoflavone (42) were acquired from Chengdu Chroma Biotechnology (Chengdu, China); neochlorogenic acid (26), chlorogenic acid (29), catechin (30), caffeic acid (32), isoquercitrin (36), avicularin (38), trifolin (40), and astragalin (41) were bought from Baoji Chenguang Biotechnology Co., LTD. (Baoji, China) with the purity greater than 98% and their structures were presented in Figure S4.

All the Chinese herbs were provided by Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Hangzhou, China). All the chemical standards, including l (+)-arginine, proline, adenine, succinic acid, isoleucine, leucine, gallic acid, phenylalanine, protocatechuic acid, l-tryptophan, protocatechuic aldehyde, neo-mangiferin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, amygdalin, mangiferin, rutin, liquiritin, luteoloside, naringin, berberrubine, baicalin, quercetin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icarrin, isorhamnetin, glycyrrhizic acid, limonin, aaikosaponin A, and 3-N-butyl-4,4-dihydrophthalide, were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). Azoxymethane (AOM) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA United States). TUNEL apoptosis assay kits, radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer, BCA protein assay kits, and anti-MMP9 antibody (AF5234) were purchased from Beyotime (Beijing, China). Mouse IL-6 and IL-17A ELISA kits were from LiankeBio (Hangzhou, China), and antibodies to p-STAT3 (AF3293), STAT3 (AF6294), NF-κB-p65 (BF8005), Bcl-2 (BF9103), Lamin B (AF5161), and β-actin (T0022) were purchased from Affinity Biosciences (Changzhou, China). Antibodies to IL-17RA (sc-376374) and Bax (sc-20067) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, United States).

The standards of Glutamic acid (1), Lysine (2), Histidine (3), Arginine (4), Threonine (5), Aspartic acid (6), Serine (7), Alanine (8), Proline (9), Valine (10), Cytidine (11), Uracil (12), Guanine (13), 2′-deoxyCytidine (15), IsoLeucine (16), Uridine (17), Leucine (18), Tyrosine (19), Adenosine (20), Inosine (21), Guanosine (22), PhenylAlanine (23), 2′-deoxyGuanosine (24), and Thymidine (25) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ophiopojaponin C (26), Ophiopogonin D (27), Ophiopogonin D′ (28), Methylophiopogonone A (29), Methylophiopogonanone A (30), and Methylophiopogonanone B (31) were purchased from Nanjing Liangwei biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Methionine (14) was obtained from Chengdu Chroma Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Ruscogenin (32) was offered by Shanghai nature standard Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The purities of all compounds were greater than 98%, checked by HPLC analysis. The structures of the 32 standards were shown in Figure S1. Formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol of HPLC grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All the other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.