Concentrated ammonia solution

All the target compounds (chlorpyrifos, haloxyfop-R-methyl, oxadiazon, diniconazole, clodinafop-propargyl, fenpropathrin, and fenoxprop-P-ethyl) with purity >98% were procured from Dr Ehrenstorfer (Agsburg, Germany). Sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, acetonitrile (ACN), acetone, hydrochloric acid (37%, w/w), and methanol (analytical grade) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 2-Propanol was acquired from Caledon (Georgetown, Canada). Deionized water was supplied from Ghazi Co. (Tabriz, Iran). Extraction solvents including 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (1,2-DBE), and carbon tetrachloride were purchased from Janssen (Beerse, Belgium). To synthesize the adsorbent, nickel(ii) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (1,4-BDCA), and concentrated ammonia solution (25%, w/w) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). A mixture standard solution including 250 mg L⁻¹ of each pesticide was provided in methanol and diluted using deionized water for daily-used solutions of interest.

Both applied diPAP substances (6:2 diPAP
and 8:2 diPAP) were custom-synthetized at the University of Giessen,
Germany. A purity of >98% each was determined using phosphor and
hydrogen
NMR as well as mass spectrometry. Analytical PFAS standards and isotope
labeled internal standards (purity >99% each) were obtained from
Wellington
Laboratories (Guelph, Canada; complete list of standards can be found
in Table S1 in the Supporting Information,
SI). Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃ ≥ 99.5%),
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃ ≥ 99.0%), and concentrated
ammonia solution (25%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (TBA ≥99%) and ammonium
acetate for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)
were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE ≥99.7%) was from Honeywell (Charlotte,
NC, USA). Potassium persulfate (≥99%) and LC–MS grade
methanol (MeOH) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA,
USA). Nitrogen gas (grade 5.0) was from Messer (Bad Soden am Taunus,
Germany). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%), water (LC–MS
grade), and sodium hydroxide micro-granules (NaOH ≥99.5%) were
from Th. Geyer (Renningen, Germany).

Iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O), sodium citrate tribasic dehydrate, sodium acetate (NaAc), bisphenol-A, concentrated ammonia solution (28 wt%), t-butanol, titanium(iv) isopropoxide (TIPO), TiO₂ (P25, 20% rutile and 80% anatase) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%), perchloric acid (HClO₄), potassium bi-phthalate (C₆H₄COOKCOOH, 99.7%), ammonium molybdate ((NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O, 99.0%), ethylene glycol and ethanol were purchased from Samchun Pure Chemicals. All chemicals were analytical grade and used as received without further purification. Corp. deionized water was used for all experiments.