wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) were sterilized in ethanol/water (70%
v/v) for 1 min and then twice in bleach/water (5% v/v) for 4 min and
then rinsed six times with sterilized water. After that, the seeds
were stored at 4 °C for at least 2 days. The seeds were grown
on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) medium containing MS
salts (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) (2.2 g/L), 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic
acid (MES) (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan)
(0.5 g/L, adjusted to pH 5.7 with potassium hydroxide (KOH) (FUJIFILM
Wako Pure Chemical)), sucrose (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) (10 g/L),
and agarose (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) (0.8% w/v) under daylength
conditions of 16 h of light/8 h of darkness at 22 °C. Seedlings
were harvested 6 days after germination and used for all experiments.