Phenobarbital sodium

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States

Phenobarbital sodium is a powdered substance used in laboratory settings. It functions as a barbiturate compound.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

Close spelling variants of this product

Phenobarbital (60 citations) Phenobarbital sodium (PB) (2 citations)

11 protocols using phenobarbital sodium

In Vivo Vascularization of Porous Scaffolds

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

In order to investigate the effects of the scaffolds with different pore structures and sizes on vascularization in vivo, the dorsal muscle embedding model in New Zealand rabbits was used. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Animals Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University (2021-0228003). Sixteen male New Zealand white rabbits (∼2.8 kg) were randomly divided into two groups, and six of them were performed by angiography before euthanasia. All rabbits with free access to food and water were allowed to adapt for 2 weeks in stainless steel cages before surgery. The rabbits were anesthetized with general intravenous injection of 3% sodium phenobarbital (Merck, Germany) at 1.0 mg/kg and fixed on the operating table for shaving and disinfection of surgical regions. Under aseptic conditions, three 1.5-cm longitudinal skin incisions were made on both sides of the spine of each animal in the back. Then six small pockets were formed by blunt dissection of muscles under the fascia. The different pore dimension-integrated scaffolds (Ø 10 × 4 mm) were implanted into pockets randomly (Fig. 5A) and the wounds were sutured layer by layer [32 (link)]. Postoperatively, penicillin was given once daily for 3 days. At 2 and 4 weeks, the rabbits were euthanized and the implants were harvested for histological evaluation of blood vessels.

Wu F., Yang J., Ke X., Ye S., Bao Z., Yang X., Zhong C., Shen M., Xu S., Zhang L., Gou Z, & Yang G. (2021). Integrating pore architectures to evaluate vascularization efficacy in silicate-based bioceramic scaffolds. Regenerative Biomaterials, 9, rbab077.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Critical Bone Defect Repair in Rabbits

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

All animal operations and experiments were approved by the Experimental Animals Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University (No.866). The male New Zealand white rabbits (~3.2 kg; n = 60) were divided into four groups randomly. All of the rabbits were placed in steel cages singly about one week for adaptation before surgery. After general intravenous anesthesia by injection of 3% sodium phenobarbital (Merck, Germany) at 1.0 mg/kg, the implanting surgery was performed to bilateral distal femurs of all the rabbits under rigorous aseptic conditions. A 3-cm longitudinal skin incision was made on the lateral femoral condyle of each leg. Then, a critical size defect (Ø ~6.0 × 7.2 mm) was structured on the bilateral femoral condyles by a dental drill. All defects were made oriented vertical to the longitudinal and sagittal axes of the femur. Afterwards, the scaffolds were filled into the defects, and the surgery site was rinsed with normal saline and the incision was sutured layer by layer. The rabbits were allowed to move freely in the cage after the operation and received an intramuscular injection of penicillin for 3 days. The femoral bone specimens were collected at 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16 weeks after rabbits were sacrificed by deep anesthesia.

Wu R., Li Y., Shen M., Yang X., Zhang L., Ke X., Yang G., Gao C., Gou Z, & Xu S. (2020). Bone tissue regeneration: The role of finely tuned pore architecture of bioactive scaffolds before clinical translation. Bioactive Materials, 6(5), 1242-1254.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Phenobarbital-Induced Apoptosis and Synaptic Impairment

Cited 2 times

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Sodium phenobarbital (PB, 75 mg/kg; 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione; Sigma, St Louis, MO) was dissolved in normal (0.9%) saline. The drug was injected intraperitoneally at a volume of 0.01 ml/g. This dose of phenobarbital was selected based on prior reports of phenobarbital efficacy in developing animals and falls within the anticonvulsant range in neonatal rats.^{22 (link),23 (link)} This dose was also selected based on its ability to induce neuronal apoptosis⁵ and impair striatal synaptic maturation.^{11 (link)}On P7, animals were briefly removed from their dam, weighed and treated. Following treatment, pups were maintained with their dam until P13-P14, at which time they were used for electrophysiological experiments; eight pups of each treatment were used for these experiments. For adult recordings, pups were weaned at P21–23 and pair housed until the day of the experiment (P29–35).

Muhtasib N.A., Sepulveda-Rodriguez A., Vicini S, & Forcelli P.A. (2018). Neonatal phenobarbital exposure disrupts GABAergic synaptic maturation in rat CA1 neurons.. Epilepsia, 59(2), 333-344.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Corneal Epithelial Wound Repair Model

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

A corneal epithelial wound repair model was established as previously described.⁹ (link)^,⁴⁶ (link)^,⁴⁷ (link) Briefly, after general anesthesia of animals by means of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of sodium phenobarbital (80 mg/kg body weight; cat. 11715, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), a 2-mm-diameter central area of the cornea was marked using trephine under a dissecting microscope. The marked corneal epithelial area was scraped using a golf-like spatula (Accutome, Malvern, PA, USA). The wound was stained with sodium fluorescein to observe wound closure dynamics. The fluorescein-stained areas were photographed under a dissecting microscope, at 6-hour intervals, until the wound closed. ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Maryland, MD, USA; https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) was used to determine the dynamics of wound closure, by analyzing the pixels of the stained wounds.

He S., Liu J., Xue Y., Fu T, & Li Z. (2023). Sympathetic Nerves Coordinate Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing by Controlling the Mobilization of Ly6Chi Monocytes From the Spleen to the Injured Cornea. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 64(12), 13.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Phenobarbital Dosing for Neonatal Seizure Prevention

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Phenobarbital sodium (5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione; Sigma) was dissolved in saline at a concentration of 8 mg/ml and administered intraperitoneally. Pups were treated on postnatal day (P)7, P8 and P9. We employed a loading dose of 80 mg/kg on P7, followed by 40 mg/kg on P8 and P9. Loading doses are commonly used clinically for neonates [23 (link)–25 (link)]. Doses were selected based on pharmacodynamic equivalence. 80 mg/kg was selected because this dose, but not lower doses, provides complete protection against seizures evoked by pentylenetetrazole in P7 rats [26 (link)]. Moreover, this dose, but not lower doses, prevented mortality associated with kainic acid treatment in P7 rats [27 (link)]. 40 mg/kg was selected because it is the lowest dose that provides complete protection against tonic seizures, and partial protection against clonic seizures evoked by pentylenetetrazol [26 (link)]. Control pups received equivalent volumes of vehicle.

Gutherz S.B., Kulick C.V., Soper C., Kondratyev A., Gale K, & Forcelli P.A. (2014). Brief postnatal exposure to phenobarbital impairs passive-avoidance learning and sensorimotor gating in rats. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 0, 265-269.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Anticonvulsant Drug Solubilization Protocols

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Phenobarbital sodium (75 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich) and MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in normal saline. Lamotrigine (20 mg/kg, GlaxoSmithKline) and carbamazepine (100 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich) were suspended in saline containing 1.0% Tween-80. Phenytoin (50 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in alkalinized saline. Levetiracetam (250 mg/kg; Keppra Oral Solution, UCB Pharma) was diluted from stock in saline.

Kaushal S., Tamer Z., Opoku F, & Forcelli P.A. (2016). Anticonvulsant Drug Induced Cell Death in the Developing White Matter of the Rodent Brain. Epilepsia, 57(5), 727-734.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Neurological Disorder Treatment Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The following chemicals were used: avertin prepared from 99% pure tribromoethanol (A18706; Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) and tert‐amyl alcohol (Sigma‐Aldrich), phenobarbital sodium (5‐ethyl‐5‐phenyl‐2,4,6‐trioxohexahydropyrimidine sodium salt, P5178; Sigma‐Aldrich), paraformaldehyde diluted from 32% solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA), TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies), chloroform (Sigma‐Aldrich), glycerol (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), ethylene glycol (Fisher Scientific), PBS diluted from 10X stock solution (Mediatech, Inc., Manassas, VA, USA), RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA), phosphatase inhibitor cocktails 2 and 3 (Sigma‐Aldrich), BSA (Sigma‐Aldrich), TBS diluted from 10X stock solution (Fisher Scientific), Odyssey blocking buffer (Li‐Cor), Tween‐20 (Bio‐Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), and donepezil hydrochloride (4385; Tocris, Minneapolis, MN, USA).

Morris M., Sanchez P.E., Verret L., Beagle A.J., Guo W., Dubal D., Ranasinghe K.G., Koyama A., Ho K., Yu G., Vossel K.A, & Mucke L. (2015). Network dysfunction in α‐synuclein transgenic mice and human Lewy body dementia. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 2(11), 1012-1028.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Bioavailability Enhancement Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Omeprazole, purity 100%, lot no. 021 K1605, Sigma; phenobarbital sodium, purity 99.0%, lot no. 076H0292, Sigma, ethanol, purity 99.9%, lot no. 3006761, AppliChem, rifampicin, purity 99.6%, lot no. 304324/1, Fluka.

Schink M, & Dehus O. (2017). Effects of mistletoe products on pharmacokinetic drug turnover by inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 activities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 521.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Phenobarbital Anesthesia and Tissue Analysis

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The experimental mice were deeply anaesthetized by intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg phenobarbital sodium (Sigma). Lung, liver and heart tissues from these mice were taken out and cryopreserved, which were applied to histopathological and Western blotting assays. The mouse blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were centrifuged, and the supernatant of BALF and serum was collected for the detection of inflammatory factors. All animal experiments abided by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of Rongchang People’s Hospital.

Feng D., Guo R., Liao W., Li J, & Cao S. (2023). Plantamajoside alleviates acute sepsis-induced organ dysfunction through inhibiting the TRAF6/NF-κB axis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 61(1), 897-906.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Cecal Ligation and Puncture Sepsis Model

Cited 1 time

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Sepsis model of CLP was performed as we previously described [7 (link), 8 (link)]. Briefly, rats were anesthetized with phenobarbital sodium (i.p., 40 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich), and a median laparotomy was made to expose the cecum under sterile surgical conditions, which was further ligated with 4-0 silk approximately 1 cm from the distal end. The cecum was then perforated twice with a sterile 22-gauge needle and was gently squeezed to extrude a small amount of fecal contents into the peritoneal cavity through the puncture site. The bowel was then situated back in the abdomen and the incision was sutured with a sterile 3-0 silk sutures. For the sham group, the abdominal cavity was opened without ligation or perforation. Immediately after the operation, all rats received fluid resuscitation with prewarmed (37 °C) normal saline solution (subcutaneously, 20 ml/kg of body weight) and antibiotic therapy (ertapenem, 20 mg/kg; Merck Research Laboratory, USA) and were then returned to their cages.

Ji M., Li S., Zhang L., Gao Y., Zeng Q., Mao M, & Yang J. (2020). Sepsis induced cognitive impairments by disrupting hippocampal parvalbumin interneuron-mediated inhibitory network via a D4-receptor mechanism. Aging (Albany NY), 12(3), 2471-2484.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!