Nimesulide

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in organic solvents. Nimesulide is primarily used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in research applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Indomethacin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Ibuprofen, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Cellevent caspase 3 7 green detection reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Trypsin edta, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Diclofenac sodium salt, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetylsalicylic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Caffeine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Trolox, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Salicylic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Jzl184, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Win55 212 2, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Picrotoxin ptx, by Abcam (1 mentions) Cgp 55845 hydrochloride, by Abcam (1 mentions) Sq22536, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Multiclamp 700b amplifier, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions)

23 protocols using nimesulide

Excitatory Synaptic Currents in Purkinje Cells

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During recordings, slices were superfused with room temperature oxygenated aCSF at a flow rate of ~2 ml min⁻¹. Bath aCSF contained 100 μm picrotoxin (PTX, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and 3 μm CGP 55845 hydrochloride (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) to block GABA_A and GABA_B receptors, respectively, and to isolate excitatory synaptic currents. Where indicated, aCSF also contained one of: 10 μm forskolin, 100 μm SQ-22536 (Tocris, Bristol, UK), 1 μm JZL 184 (Tocris, Bristol, UK), 30 μm Nimesulide (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) or 1 μm WIN 55,212–2 (Tocris, Bristol, UK).
Purkinje cells were visually identified and whole-cell, patch clamp recordings were performed with borosilicate pipettes (2–4 MΩ). Access resistance was monitored throughout the experiment. Electrophysiological currents were recorded with a Multiclamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA),filtered at 5 kHz and digitized at 50 kHz. Data were collected using pClamp software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). EPSCs were evoked by stimulation of parallel fibres via a patch pipette filled with aCSF.

Yang Y., Kreko-Pierce T., Howell R, & Pugh J.R. (2019). Long-term depression of presynaptic cannabinoid receptor function at parallel fibre synapses. The Journal of physiology, 597(12), 3167-3181.

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Biomaterial Synthesis with Bioactive Compounds

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We obtained calcium chloride (CaCl₂), sodium chloride (NaCl), and alginic acid sodium salt powder from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). Sucrose was purchased from China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (Sinopharm, Beijing, China). Fibrinogen and thrombin were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All chemicals were used without further purification. Three types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, indomethacin, and nimesulide) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan).

Tang R., Yang L., Shen L., Ma X., Gao Y., Liu Y., Bai Z, & Wang X. (2022). Controlled Fabrication of Bioactive Microtubes for Screening Anti-Tongue Squamous Cell Migration Drugs. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10, 771027.

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Olive Pomace-based Activated Carbon for Nimesulide Adsorption

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The raw material was obtained from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the south of Brazil (31°30′01.2″ S 53°30′40.4″ W). The olive pomace (OP), which consists of the pulp and stone, was oven-dried at 105 °C for 24 h (Nova Ética, model 109-1, São Paulo, Brazil). After, it was milled (Marconi, Croton model, Piracicaba, Brazil) and sieved (Bertel, model 4830, Caieiras, Brazil) to obtain particles with a diameter less than 495 nm. The OP was activated chemically in the proportion of 1:0.8:0.2 of OP, zinc chloride, and calcium hydroxide and thermally activated by pyrolysis in a stainless-steel reactor at 550 °C for 30 min (heating rate of 3 °C·min⁻¹) under N₂ atmosphere. The treated material underwent acid leaching with HCl 6 mol·L⁻¹ and was washed with water until neutral and constant pH. Finally, the material was dried at 105 °C for 24 h and stored in dry conditions until utilization. This material will be referred to hereafter as ACOP. The reagents used were analytical grade ethanol, NaOH (PA), HCl (37%), and Nimesulide (Supplementary Table S1) obtained from Sigma Aldrich (São Paulo, Brazil). Figure 1 presents the molecular structure of Nimesulide. The Nimesulide stock solution was prepared with 20% ethanol for better solubilization.

Raupp Í.N., Valério Filho A., Arim A.L., Muniz A.R, & da Rosa G.S. (2021). Development and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Olive Pomace: Experimental Design, Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies in Nimesulide Adsorption. Materials, 14(22), 6820.

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Kynurenine Pathway Regulation by NSAIDs

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L-Kynurenine sulfate salt (K3750), acetaminophen (A7085), acetylsalicylic acid (A5376), diclofenac sodium salt (D6899), ibuprofen (I4883), indomethacin (I7378), meloxicam sodium salt hydrate (M3935), naproxen sodium (M1275), nimesulide (N1016), piroxicam (P5654), reagents for Krebs Ringer buffer preparation: sodium chloride (S7653), potassium chloride (P9333), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (M7506), calcium chloride anhydrous (C1016), sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate (71,505), sodium phosphate dibasic (S0876), glucose (G8270); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (D1435); reagents for KATs analysis: Trizma base (T1503), acetic acid (A6283), pyridoxal 5′-phosphate hydrate (P9255), 2-mercaptoethanol (M3148), sodium pyruvate (P2256), and D-glutamine (D9003) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Substances needed to perform high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were purchased from J.T. Baker Chemicals and from Sigma-Aldrich. Most tested drugs were dissolved in DMSO, whereas naproxen was administered in an aqueous solution. DMSO was given to adequate control samples and its concentration was not higher than 5% [25 (link)].

Zakrocka I, & Załuska W. (2023). The influence of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on kynurenic acid production in rat kidney: a novel path for kidney protection?. Pharmacological Reports, 75(2), 376-385.

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Antagonist Medications in Experimental Study

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The chemical medications L-NNA, indomethacin, nimesulide, hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin used in this study were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemical medications were dissolved in water except tetrodotoxin. tetrodotoxin was dissolved in a citrate solution [(50 mM citric acid and 48 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH ₂ PO ₄ )]. The chemicals used in the experiments were prepared daily. Each antagonist medication was delivered to the groups at the same amount and interval.

Metin M., Altun A, & Köylüoğlu G. (2020). The effect of probiotics on ıntestinal motility in an experimental short bowel model. Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, 35(8), e202000804.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Peptides

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Glutathione (GSH), MgCl₂, NADPH, potassium phosphate, amlodipine, caffeine, clozapine, ibuprofen, nimesulide and ticlopidine were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich chemicals (Helsinki, Finland). Acetonitrile was from J.T. Baker (St. Louis MO, USA) and formic acid from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). d-Isomer peptides (gly–tyr–pro–cys–pro–his–pro, gly–tyr–pro–ala–pro–his–pro and gly–tyr–arg–pro–cys–pro–his–lys–pro) were synthesized by GL Biochem (Shanghai, China) and had a purity of >95%.

Laine J.E., Häkkinen M.R., Auriola S., Juvonen R.O, & Pasanen M. (2015). Comparison of trapping profiles between d-peptides and glutathione in the identification of reactive metabolites. Toxicology Reports, 2, 1024-1032.

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Evaluating Hepatocyte Exposure to Drugs

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Troglitazone, nimesulide, caffeine, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, LPS and methotrexate (all from Sigma, St Louis, Mo) were administered into the devices as 1% DMSO solutions in HMM at the final concentrations. To achieve testing of up to the recommended 100 × C_max for in vitro liver systems, 1.0% DMSO final concentration was used to improve compound solubility. 1.0% DMSO is on the high end of published concentrations,^{7 (link),27 -29 (link)} but the negative control, caffeine in 1.0% DMSO as well as DMSO alone, had no impact on the parameters measured in the devices. The flow was temporarily halted to allow imaging of each device using the GE IN Cell 6000 (GE LifeSciences, Piscataway NJ, USA) equipped with an environmental chamber to maintain 37° C and 5% CO₂ (see below, HCA imaging and analysis). Flow was re-established in the devices after image collection.

Vernetti L.A., Senutovitch N., Boltz R., DeBiasio R., Ying Shun T., Gough A, & Taylor D.L. (2015). A human liver microphysiology platform for investigating physiology, drug safety, and disease models. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 241(1), 101-114.

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Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Assays

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The following reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): AlCl₃, amberlite XAD7 HP, α-amylase from porcine pancreas (A3176; EC 3.2.1.1), α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (G5003; EC 3.2.1.20), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), DMAC (4-[dimethylamino]cinnamaldehyde), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, CuCl₂, hypoxanthine, indomethacin, linoleic acid (L-5900), lipase from porcine pancreas type II (L-3126; EC 3.1.1.3), Na₂CO₃, nimesulide, 4-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, nitro blue tetrazolium salt, p-nitrophenyl palmitate, sodium acetate, soy lipooxygenase-15 (L7395; EC 1.13.11.12), starch, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), triton X-100, tris, and ursolic acid. From Merck (Darmstadt, Germany): Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), FeCl₃∙6H₂O, neocuproin, potassium sodium tartrate and HPLC-grade methanol. Ammonium acetate was from JT Baker (Xalostoc, Mexico). The sodium and potassium phosphate salts were from Scharlau Chemicals (Barcelona, Spain). Orlistat was from Laboratorio Chile (Santiago, Chile). Culture medium, antibiotics and fetal bovine serum were obtained from Invitrogen Corp. (Waltham, MA, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained using a Barnsted EasyPure water filter (Thermo Scientific, Marietta, OH, USA).

Jiménez-Aspee F., Theoduloz C., Soriano M.D., Ugalde-Arbizu M., Alberto M.R., Zampini I.C., Isla M.I., Simirgiotis M.J, & Schmeda-Hirschmann G. (2017). The Native Fruit Geoffroea decorticans from Arid Northern Chile: Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activities and In Vitro Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory and Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Enzymes. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 22(9), 1565.

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Analyzing Fibroblast and Carcinoma Cell Responses

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Solvents for chemical synthesis, nimesulide, trypsin-EDTA solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with and without magnesium and calcium ions, 0.33% neutral red solution, hydrocortisone, 0.4% trypan blue solution, protease inhibitor cocktail, and primary polyclonal anti-actin antibody were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Human normal fibroblasts (BJ), human squamous carcinoma (SCC-15), Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium F12 (DMEM-F12), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, and streptomycin solution were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Primary polyclonal anti-COX-2 antibody was obtained from Novus Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA), and secondary conjugated with HRP polyclonal antibody was from Jackson Immuno Research (Cambridgeshire, UK). Reagents for electrophoresis and Western blotting were purchased in Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride) and CellEvent™ Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Prostaglandin E2 Parameter Assay Kit was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Cell culture dishes and other devices were from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY, USA), Greiner (Austria), or Nunc (Denmark).

Uram Ł., Filipowicz-Rachwał A., Misiorek M., Winiarz A., Wałajtys-Rode E, & Wołowiec S. (2019). Synthesis and Different Effects of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimer Substituted with Nimesulide in Human Normal Fibroblasts and Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Biomolecules, 9(9), 437.

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Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Sulfonamide Compounds

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KSHV-positive BC3 cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) as previously described.^{12 (link)–14 (link)} THP-1 cells (a KSHV-negative macrophage-cell line) were purchased from Life Technologies (Paisley, UK). A pool-stock of HUVEC cells (primary endothelial human cells from Life Technologies) was grown in M200 medium (Gibco, UK) with LSGS supplement (Invitrogen). The sulfonamide compounds used in this study (see Table 1 and supplemental file) were commercial drugs purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (S. Louis, USA). Nutlin-3a (Sigma-Aldrich) and nimesulide (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as reference drugs. Compound cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the effect produced on cell morphology and replication as previously described.^{12 (link)}

Angius F., Piras E., Uda S., Madeddu C., Serpe R., Bigi R., Chen W., Dittmer D.P., Pompei R, & Ingianni A. (2017). Antimicrobial sulfonamides clear latent Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus infection and impair MDM2-p53 complex formation. The Journal of antibiotics, 70(9), 962-966.

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