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Linear polarizer

Manufactured by Thorlabs

A linear polarizer is an optical device that transmits light waves vibrating in a single plane while blocking light waves vibrating in other planes. It is used to control the polarization of light in various applications such as imaging, spectroscopy, and optical communications.

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6 protocols using linear polarizer

1

Optical Characterization of Small Samples

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The optical measurements were performed using a homemade spectroscopy system designed to characterize samples with small sizes. For transmission spectral measurement, white light from tungsten halogen source (HL-2000, Ocean Optics) or supercontinuum light sources (SC400-4, Fianium) was collimated and confined to proper beam size, which was then weakly focused onto the sample by a near-infrared (NIR) objective lens [×10, 0.25 numerical aperture (NA); Olympus]. The transmitted signals were collected using another NIR objective lens (×100, NA 0.9; Olympus) and delivered to a spectrometer (SP-2300, Princeton Instruments) equipped with a liquid nitrogen–cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) detector (PyLoN-IR). An NIR CCD camera (XS-4406, Xenics) was set within the switching optical path for imaging. For measurement of CD, a linear polarizer (650 to 2000 nm; Thorlabs) and a quarter-wave plate (1100 to 2000 nm; Thorlabs) were inserted into the input optical path at specific orientations. Therefore, the spectra in this work were mainly focused on wavelength range from 1100 to 2000 nm. Linear polarization rotation experiments were conducted by varying the detection polarization (linear polarizer, 650 to 2000 nm; Thorlabs) at every 15° under linearly polarized incidence.
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2

Generating Circularly Polarized Laser Light

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The beam of a 325 nm laser (helium cadmium laser, Kimmon Koha Co., Ltd.) was passed through a linear polarizer (linear polarizer, Thorlabs) and a quarter-wave plate (quarter-wave plate, Thorlabs) to form circularly polarized light. A 500 µm diameter pinhole [P500HD – Ø1/2 in. (12.7 mm) mounted pinhole, Thorlabs] was used to block unnecessary light. A photodiode power sensor (S120C, Thorlabs) and a compact power and energy meter console (PM100D, Thorlabs) were used to measure the intensity of the light. Holographic images were extracted through a UV sensor card [laser viewing card (VRC1), Thorlabs].
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3

Volumetric Telomere Imaging in Cells

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For telomere imaging in fixed cells, the 4f system consisted of two f=15 cm lenses (Thorlabs), a linear polarizer (Thorlabs) to filter out the light that is polarized in the unmodulated direction of the LC-SLM, a 1920 × 1080 pixel LC-SLM (PLUTO-VIS, Holoeye) and a mirror for beam-steering. A sCMOS camera (Prime95B, Photometrics) was used to record the data. The sample was illuminated with 561 nm fiber-coupled laser-light source (iChrome MLE, Toptica). The excitation light was reflected up through the microscope objective by a multibandpass dichroic filter (TRF89902-EM - ET - 405/488/561/647 nm Laser Quad Band Set, Chroma). Emission light was filtered by the same dichroic and also filtered by another 617 nm band pass filter (FF02-617/73 Semrock).
For volumetric telomere tracking in live cells, images were recorded with an EMCCD camera (Andor iXON), exposure time 100 ms and EM-gain 170. The sample was illuminated at ≈2 kW/cm2 with 561 nm light from a fiber-coupled laser (iChrome MLE, Toptica). All movies were recorded for 50 s (500 frames).
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4

Multimodal Characterization of Materials

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A Lab Ram HR800 from HORIBA spectrometer and an Olympus ×100 objective lens were used for Raman measurements. All the polarized Raman measurements were illuminated with a 514.5 nm wavelength laser of 1.25 mW power under ×100 objective. A linear polarizer (Thorlabs) was used for polarized Raman measurements. The TEM and EDS measurements were performed by JEOL JEM2100F TEM with EX-24063JGT EDS. AFM and PFM measurements were performed using PFM mode by Cypher S from Asylum Research.
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5

Fabrication and Characterization of Photodetectors

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All the photodetectors were fabricated on the (001) surface of the single crystals. The 405 nm laser was generated from light‐emitting diodes (THORLABS, ITC4001). CPL was generated by employing a linear polarizer (THORLABS, CRM1L) and quarter‐wave plate (THORLABS, WPQ10ME‐405). The 800 nm laser was generated by the femtosecond laser system. CPL was obtained by a linear polarizer (Thorlabs) and a quarter‐wave plate (Thorlabs). The current signals were collected using a Keithel 6517B electrometer.
CCDC 2181083, 2181070, and 2181138 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
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6

Volumetric Telomere Imaging in Cells

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For telomere imaging in fixed cells, the 4f system consisted of two f=15 cm lenses (Thorlabs), a linear polarizer (Thorlabs) to filter out the light that is polarized in the unmodulated direction of the LC-SLM, a 1920 × 1080 pixel LC-SLM (PLUTO-VIS, Holoeye) and a mirror for beam-steering. A sCMOS camera (Prime95B, Photometrics) was used to record the data. The sample was illuminated with 561 nm fiber-coupled laser-light source (iChrome MLE, Toptica). The excitation light was reflected up through the microscope objective by a multibandpass dichroic filter (TRF89902-EM - ET - 405/488/561/647 nm Laser Quad Band Set, Chroma). Emission light was filtered by the same dichroic and also filtered by another 617 nm band pass filter (FF02-617/73 Semrock).
For volumetric telomere tracking in live cells, images were recorded with an EMCCD camera (Andor iXON), exposure time 100 ms and EM-gain 170. The sample was illuminated at ≈2 kW/cm2 with 561 nm light from a fiber-coupled laser (iChrome MLE, Toptica). All movies were recorded for 50 s (500 frames).
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