saline (PBS) tablets, silver nitrate (≥99.0%), gold(III) chloride
trihydrate (≥99.9%), sodium citrate dihydrate (≥99.0%),
sulfuric acid (98%), methanol (≥99.9%), polyethylenimine (PEI,
MW ≈ 25000 by LS), Nafion solution (5 wt %), and 4-aminothiophenol
(4-ATP, 97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Heme-containing, membrane-bound
bacterial glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Ewingella
americana was purified and characterized according
to a previously published protocol.39 (link),45 (link) All aqueous
solutions were prepared in ultrapure water (resistivity of 18.2 MΩ
cm) purified by a Purelab Flex system (ELGA LabWater, High Wycombe,
UK). For whole blood analysis, blood samples from healthy donors were
collected in VACUETTE FC Mix tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmünster,
Austria). The tubes contain a mixture of additives Na2EDTA,
sodium fluoride, citric acid, and sodium citrate, which inhibits glycolysis
and prevents coagulation. Blood collection for analysis with the biosensors
was approved by the Swedish Ethical Board (approval number 2009/180).