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1

Dioscin Modulates Inflammatory Pathways

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Recombinant rat IL-1β (501-RL) was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Dioscin (N1723) was supplied by ApexBio Technology (Houston, TX, USA). Dioscin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for in vitro experiments. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM/F12) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were procured from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Antibodies specific for iNOS (ab15323), aggrecan (ab36861), and collagen II (ab188570) were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Antibodies specific for P65 (#8242), phosphorylated P65 (P-P65) (#3033), IκBα (#4814), phosphorylated-IκBα (P-IκBα) (#2859), IKKβ (#8943), phosphorylated-IKKα/β (P-IKKα/β) (#2697), P38 (#8690), phosphorylated-p38 (p-p38) (#4511), ERK (#4695), phosphorylated-ERK (P-ERK) (#4370), JNK (#9252), and phosphorylated-JNK (P-JNK) (#4668) were procured from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies specific for MMP1 (10,371–2-AP), MMP3 (17,873–1-AP), and MMP13 (18,165–1-AP) were supplied by Proteintech Group (Wuhan, China). Antibodies against GAPDH (BM1623) and ADAMTS5 (A02802-1) were procured from Boster (Wuhan, China).
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2

Evaluation of Chondrocyte Protein Markers

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Total protein was extracted from chondrocytes/cartilage tissue using radio-immunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer containing 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Protein concentrations were measured using a bicinchoninic acid assay. Equal amounts of protein (20 μg/lane) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk and incubated with primary antibodies against TLR4, Myd88, IKK-β, β-actin, aggrecan, MMP-3, MMP-9 (ab13556, ab2064, ab124957, ab8227, ab36861, ab52915, ab76003, AbCam, USA, 1:1000, respectively), MMP-13 (ab39012, AbCam, USA, 1:5000), ADAMTS-4 (ab150370, AbCam, USA, 1:1000), ADAMTS-5 (A02802-1, Boster, China, 1:500), CGRP (14959 S, Cell Signaling Technology, USA, 1:1000), SP (S8305, Sigma, USA, 1:2000), NF-κB p65 (ab16502, AbCam, USA, 1:5000), and GAPDH (ab181602, AbCam, USA, 1:10,000) overnight at 4 °C, followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody IgG (ab6721, AbCam, USA) at room temperature. Immune reactivity was visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescent reagent (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Band intensity was quantitatively analyzed by densitometric analysis on Image J software version 1.37 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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