To analyze effect of irradiation, resazurin solutions or bacterial cultures were exposed to tungsten bulb or 470 nm LED. Light densities were measured using Thorlabs S120vc sensor connected to Thorlabs powermeter. Samples were taken at indicated time, and optical density at 600 nm was measured using spectrophotometer and luminescence was analyzed using microplate reader according to fabricant instructions.
S120vc sensor
The S120vc sensor is a high-performance power sensor designed for use in Thorlabs' power meter instrumentation. It features a photodiode detector and an integrated thermopile sensor, allowing for accurate power measurements over a wide range of optical wavelengths and power levels.
2 protocols using s120vc sensor
Resazurin-based Pressure and Light Assay
To analyze effect of irradiation, resazurin solutions or bacterial cultures were exposed to tungsten bulb or 470 nm LED. Light densities were measured using Thorlabs S120vc sensor connected to Thorlabs powermeter. Samples were taken at indicated time, and optical density at 600 nm was measured using spectrophotometer and luminescence was analyzed using microplate reader according to fabricant instructions.
Optogenetic Neural Stimulation Protocol
Stimulation of optogenetic probes LED/mercury light stimulation Wide-field optical stimulation was achieved by high power LEDs (M470L2 and M590L3 for ReaChR and CsChrimson, respectively, Thorlabs) or filtered light from a mercury lamp (for Arch). An LED (M470L2) with peak output at wavelength of $470 nm was used for both the activation of ReaChR and excitation of Citrine tagged to ReaChR. Because ReaChR is sensitive to a broad spectrum of light (Lin et al., 2013) , blue light was sufficient to make the PNs expressing ReaChR fire at $200 Hz (Figure S3A). Light from an LED or a mercury lamp was collimated and delivered to an upright microscope (BX51Wl, Olympus) equipped with a 40x water-immersion objective lens (NA 0.80). LED light was pulsated at 80 Hz. Neutral-density filters (U-25ND25 or U-25ND6, Olympus) were used to stimulate the cells at lower intensities. All the reported optical intensity of LED light was measured at the back aperture of the objective lens (S120VC sensor, Thorlabs).
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