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19 protocols using acetic acid

1

Extraction and Purification of RPE

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RPE was obtained from Guangxi Wuzhou Pine Chemicals Ltd. (Guangxi, China). Acetone (purity > 99%), acetic acid (purity > 99%), sodium thiosulfate (purity > 99%), chloroform (purity > 99%) and potassium iodide (purity > 99%) were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Guangxi, China). Soluble starch (AR) was purchased from Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., (Guangdong, China).
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2

Antioxidant Extraction and Characterization

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PSM was purchased from Tianhua Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd. in October 2019. Hydrogen peroxide 30% was obtained from Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Salicylic acid was purchased from Baishi Chemical Co., Ltd. Ferric sulfate, ascorbic acid (Vc), and acetic acid were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid were obtained from the Beijing Chemical Factory. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, sodium nitrite, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Beilian Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. DPPH and ABTS were obtained from Fuyang Manlin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Chitosan and sodium alginate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Calcium carbonate was purchased from Fuchen Chemical Reagent Factory. Calcium chloride was obtained from Yongsheng Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. Potassium persulfate was purchased from Shengao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Rutin was purchased from Nanjing Aoduofuni Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Aluminum nitrate was purchased from Chengdu Cologne Chemical Co., Ltd. AB‐8 MR was purchased from Guangfu Fine Chemical Research Institute. Water was purified by the Milli‐Q system (UPH‐II‐20T; Ulupure).
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3

Synthesis of Carboxylic-TiO2 Nanofibers

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The TiO2 nanofibers were synthesized by the electrospinning method [30 (link)]. The mixed solution of tetrabutyl titanate (C16H36O4Ti) (Hangzhou Bangyi chemical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China), poly vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (Aladdin, Shanghai, China), acetic acid (Xilong chemical Co., Ltd., Shantou, China) and ethanol (Tianjin Damao chemical reagent factory, Tianjin, China) was served as the precursor solution for TiO2 nanofibers. The TiO2 nanofibers were prepared at a high voltage (18–20 kV) and a feed rate of 1mL h−1. The samples were dried at 80 °C for 24 h followed by the calcination at 550 °C for 3 h in air to remove PVP.
The carboxylic-TiO2 (C-TiO2) nanofibers were synthesized by grinding the TiO2 nanofibers and citric acid monohydrate (Tianjin Hengxing chemical reagent manufacturing Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) with a 1:0.5 weight ratio, then the mixed powder was dispersed in 30 mL deionized water and was stirred for 6 h. The resulted C-TiO2 nanofibers were centrifuged, washed with deionized water three times, and dried in the oven (Tianjin Taisite instrument Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) at 80 °C for 12 h. Finally, the different contents of C-TiO2 nanofibers (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) were mixed with NMP solvent to make colloidal TiO2.
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4

Camellia Husk-Based Fabric Dye

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Camellia husks were purchased from an oil extraction plant in Quanzhou, China. Silk fabric was purchased from the local market in Wuhan (warp-knitted fabric, 20 g m−2). Acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, anhydrous ethanol, methanol, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, copper sulphate pentahydrate, aluminium sulphate octadecahydrate were supplied by Xilong Science Co. Ltd. Chromium trichloride and neodymium chloride were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ferric chloride was supplied by Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) was purchased from Hefei BOSF Biotechnology Co. Ltd. All reagents were used as received without any further purification.
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5

Crab Shell-Derived Biosensor Fabrication

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Discarded shells of the cooked crabs (Scylla olivacea) were collected from local seafood
restaurants. Thiophene, ammonium persulfate, HX, XA, UA, and CA were
purchased from Sigma Aldrich; and Thiophene was distilled prior to
use. Boric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, disodium hydrophosphate,
sodium dihydrophosphate, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and
ethanol were received from Xilong Scientific Co. Nafion aqueous dispersion
(10 wt % in H2O) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich
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6

Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Biosensor for Imidacloprid

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Chitosan, graphene oxide, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, glutaraldehyde and imidacloprid (analytical purity) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co. Ltd. The potassium hexacyanoferric(II) acid trihydrate and acetic acid (analytical purity) were purchased from Xilong Scientific Co. Ltd. (Chemical Reagent Factory). Acetonitrile (chromatographic pure) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. The mangoes and cowpeas were purchased from the fruit shop and farmers’ market at the east gate of Danzhou Campus of Hainan University, Danzhou City, China. The water samples were collected from the river beside the Botanical Garden in Danzhou City (N19°30′43″, E109°30′1″).
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7

Graphene Oxide-based Arsenic Removal

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CS (deacetylation ≥90%) was purchased from Lanji Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). GO (purity >90 wt%, a thickness of 3.4–7.0 nm, 5–10 layers, a diameter of 10–50 μm, and a specific surface area of 100–300 m2/g) was purchased from Tanfeng Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). Glutaraldehyde with a purity of 50% was purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium arsenite (as As(III)) was purchased from Best Reagent Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Other reagents and chemicals including HCl, FeCl2·4H2O, NaOH, anhydrous ethanol, acetic acid, and methanol were analytical grade and purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, Boston, MA, USA).
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8

Antimicrobial Chitosan-PCL Composite

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Chitosan (low viscosity 150–250 cP, molecular weight of 311 kDa, and degree of deacetylation (DD) of 90.8%) from shrimp shells were obtained from Dao Nguyen Co., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL, Mn 80,000) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA. Acetic acid (CH3COOH, 99.5%), acetone (CH3COCH3, 99.5%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30% (w/w)) reagent and absolute ethanol (EtOH) were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 9027, Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), Candida albicans (C. albicans), Trichosporon insectorum (T. insectorum) were provided by Marine Laboratory, International University-HCM Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mueller Hinton broth (M391-500G; MHB) was purchased from Hi-Media (Maharastra, India). Other chemicals can be purchased at major suppliers.
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9

Cerium Acetate Synthesis and Purification

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Briefly, 0.25 g cerium acetate (Macklin, China) was gently added into 15 ml of deionized water preheated at 35 °C, stirred vigorously at constant temperature (35 °C). Next, drop by drop, acetic acid (XiLong Scientific, China) was added to the solution to adjust pH to 6.0. Continue to stir at constant temperature for 6 h. After stirring, the solution was dried at 50 degrees centigrade under vacuum for 24 h. Finally, the recovered sample powder was washed with deionized water for three times.
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10

Synthesis of Titanate Complex Compounds

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Tetrabutyl titanate was obtained from TCI company in Shanghai (China). Acetylacetone and acetic acid were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. in Guangdong Province (Dongguan, China). Anhydrous ethanol, triethanolamine, hydrochloric acid, and methylene blue were obtained from Beijing Chemical Plants in Beijing (China). They were all analytical agents. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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