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Whatman filter paper

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Whatman filter paper is a laboratory filtration product designed for various filtering applications. It is manufactured to provide consistent quality and performance. The core function of Whatman filter paper is to separate solid particles from liquids or gases through the process of filtration.

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1 892 protocols using whatman filter paper

1

Glucose Detection Using Compound I

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Example 2

A known concentration of glucose solution was prepared and was titrated with a known concentration of compound formula I. The emission with different molar concentration of sugar was obtained which is provided in FIG. 5. The glucose solution concentration was varied from 9.98×10−6 M to 1×10−6 M. It was observed that the emission intensity changed depending upon the glucose concentration. It was further observed that up to 10−6 M concentration of glucose can be sensed using the compound of formula I.

A. Preparation of a Thin Film on Whatman Filter Paper

Compound of formula I (3.78 mg) was dissolved in 10 ml of ethyl acetate. The resulting solution (C=1×10−3 M) was coated on a Whatman Filter Paper and kept for 25 min at RT for drying. This coated Whatman Filter Paper emitted a deep blue colour.

B. Permanent Writing Experiments

The Whatman Filter Paper coated with Compound of formula I was used for permanent writing experiments. A ball pen having a refill filled with water or Glucose solution was taken and written on the Whatman Filter Paper. It was observed that after writing, the emission of written text enhanced. This enhanced emission was a permanent change on the paper.

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2

Mn3O4 Functionalized Carbon for Dye Removal

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The anionic methyl orange (MO) dye and the cationic methylene blue (MB) dye were used as model dyes to investigate the dye adsorption efficiencies of Mn3O4 functionalized carbon in a dead-end filtering mode. As a support, Mn3O4/AHC dispersion (10 mg mL−1) was filtered using Whatman filter paper (area = 3.14 cm2). Whatman filter paper was chosen due to its ease of use, low cost, and biodegradability. Whatman filter paper is also constructed of cellulose, which provides less resistance to water passage. All of the tests were done at room temperature. The continuous flow studies showed that the material was efficient in cationic dye removal. Also, flux and rejection were recorded for 20 ppm each of MB and MO dye solution (10 mL). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies were also carried out for the prepared adsorbent material in order to study the maximum adsorption capacity and nature of the adsorption process.
Eqn (1) was used to compute the pollutants' removal effectiveness (% R). The starting and ultimate concentrations of contaminants are represented by C0 and Ce, respectively.55 (link)
Eqn (2) was used to calculate the quantity of MB uptake at equilibrium, qe (mg g−1), where V (L) is the volume of the aqueous solution and M (g) is the mass of the dry adsorbent employed.
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3

Synthesis of Sludge-Derived MnO2 Catalyst

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The sludge-derived MnO2 was synthesized following the method reported in previous studies [14 (link),15 (link),16 (link)]. Predetermined volumes of 0.8 M H2SO4 and 0.8 M H2O2 were added to the dried sludge in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and the mixture was stirred on a magnetic stirrer and hot plate (PC-420D, Corning, NY, USA) for 5 min at 150 rpm and 25 °C. The mixture was filtered through 110 mm Whatman filter paper, after which small drops of 1 M NaOH were carefully added to the filtrate while it was stirred at 300 rpm and 25 °C. This was continued until the solution pH of 4.0 was reached ensuring complete precipitation of Fe3+ in the solution [14 (link)]. Next, the Fe3+ residue was separated from the solution via filtration using 110 mm Whatman filter paper leaving only Mn2+ in the filtrate. A 0.02 M KMnO4 solution was then slowly added to the filtrate under constant agitation of 300 rpm at 90 °C. The resulting purple mixture was filtered through 110 mm Whatman filter paper, and the precipitate (MnO2) was dried for 24 h at 105 °C.
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4

Melatonin Extraction and Quantification

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Melatonin and melatonin-derivatives extraction was done through a modification of the methods described by Riga et al [28 (link)] and Li et al. [33 (link)]. Briefly, 1 g of frozen leaves were ground into powder with liquid nitrogen and homogenized in a mix of acetone:methanol:water (89:10:1) containing 2.5 mM trichloroacetic acid. The homogenates were shaken for 30 min at RT and centrifuged at 10,000× g at 4 °C for 15 min. The supernatants were centrifuged again and subsequently filtered with Whatman filter paper (0.4 µm). The filtered supernatants were purified using an SPE cartridge (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The cartridge was then washed with 10 mL 5% methanol, and melatonin was finally eluted at a natural flow rate with 2 mL 80% methanol. The extracts were subsequently filtered through a Whatman filter paper (0.20 μm) before UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Melatonin, 3OH-Mel, AFMK and AMK determination and quantification was analyzed using a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS (UHPLC-1290 Series and a 6460 QqQ-MS/MS; Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) with an Agilent SB-C18 column (4.6 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The data reported are the mean ± SE of 3 biological replicates per treatment.
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5

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

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Carbon nanotubes had 95% purity with an internal diameter of 30–50 nm and length of 10–20 μm. First, 1 gram of carbon nanotubes was added to 100 mL of 95% ethanol and dispersed using an ultrasonic device at room temperature for 1 hour. This helps to increase the total area of the adsorbent. The solution was then filtered with 0.45 Whatman filter paper followed by rinsing with distilled water and drying at of 100 °C to remove excess water. One gram of the dried carbon nanotubes was added to 200 mL of 0.5 M sulfuric acid (98%) and was placed in an ultrasonic device for 30 minutes. Next, the (MWCNTs/H2SO4) solution was combined with a 250 mg g−1 solution of KMnO4. The sulfuric acid solution was diluted with 100 cc of distilled water to prevent a rapid exothermic reaction (Fig. 1). After mixing carbon nanotube with H2SO4, it was added to KMnO4 drop-wise (in case of lack of the needed instrument, H2SO4 can be diluted with water (100 cc)). The resulting combination is capable of exploding immediately and simultaneously. After cooling the KmnO4/MWCNTS solution, the reflux method was used to perform the reaction for 5 hours at 150 °C. After separating the nanotubes from the solution with 0.45 Whatman filter paper and HCl (37%), the nanocomposite was rinsed with distilled water, followed by drying in an oven at 100 °C for 5 hours.
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6

Cryo-TEM Imaging of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Liposomes

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Ciprofloxacin-loaded POPC liposomes were fabricated as mentioned
previously. Five microliters of the sample was loaded on glow discharged
(for 1 min), 300 mesh copper grids coated with formvar stabilized
with an ultrathin layer of carbon. The samples were then allowed to
settle on the surface of the grid for 45 s to 1 min. The excess fluid
was removed using a Whatman filter paper. The grids were then subjected
to negative staining with 3–5 μL of 2% uranyl acetate
solution for 30–35 s. Excess staining solution was removed
using a Whatman filter paper and the grids were air dried by leaving
them at room temperature away from light. The imaging was performed
at an accelerating voltage of 200 keV at defocus of −1.5 to
−2.5 μm using FEI TECNAI-G2 F20 CRYO TEM at a magnification
of 11,500×. The images were obtained on a K2 direct electron
detector camera from Gatan Ametek under low-dose conditions (10 electrons/pixel/s)
with a total exposure time of 5 s per image.
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7

Negative Staining of AAV Capsids

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An AAV sample (3 µL) was placed on a 150 mesh copper grid coated with 5–6 nm Formvar/carbon EMS CF150-Cu film (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) for 1 min. The grid was washed with 3 drops of 6 μL distilled water. Excess water was removed with Whatman filter paper. The sample was negatively stained with 6 μL 0.75% uranyl acetate (SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA, USA) for 30 s. Excess staining solution was removed with Whatman filter paper and the grid was dried at room temperature. We captured 6–12 electron micrographs of AAV capsids using a Tecnai G2 Spirit BioTwin electron microscope (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) equipped with a 4K CCD Gatan Ultrascan camera (Gatan, Pleasanton, CA, USA) at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV and a nominal magnification of 30,000× and 49,000×.
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8

Aqueous extraction of medicinal leaves

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Aqueous extracts of leaves were outturn with fresh leaves of Polygonum plebeium, Litsea glutinosa, and Vangueria spinosus by the following procedure: Firstly, leaves were cleaned using tap water followed by the surface cleaning using distilled water until no impurities were left on it and dried in the shady area. Then, 5 gm of dried leaf powder was weighed and added to 100 ml distilled water into a beaker. Commixture was incubated on water bath with stirring sporadically for 1h at 60°C and left to cool at room temperature (32°C) [14 (link)]. Commixture was filtered using a sieve and then Whatman filter paper of 2.5 μm pore size, and the filtrate was collected into a beaker as shown in Fig. 1. The left plant extract was preserved in the cold storage for future use.

(A) Aqueous filtrate of Litsea glutinosa, Vangueria spinosus, and Polygonum plebeium leaves with different colour (Brown, Yellow and White). (B) Collection of the aqueous filtrate of Litsea glutinosa and Vangueria spinosus through Whatman filter paper into a beaker

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9

Extraction of Carica papaya Seed Compounds

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About (200 g) of powdered Carica papaya seed were packed in a soxhlet apparatus and extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol sequentially. The extracts obtained were filtered using Whatman filter paper (15 cm) after which the filtrates were concentrated on a rotary evaporator and hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were obtained. The residue from the methanol extraction using soxhlet extractor was soaked in distilled water for 24 h after which it was filtered using a muslin cloth and Whatman filter paper to obtain the aqueous extract.
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10

Trace Metal Analysis in Marine Organisms

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Crabs were thawed and dissected for their tissues (exoskeleton, digestive gland and gills). Dissected tissues were weighed, and oven-dried at 50 °C to constant weight for at least 48 h. 0.5 g of pooled dried tissues from the crabs were replicated thrice and digested in 20 ml concentrated nitric acid for 24 h. Subsequently, the digested samples were mixed with 10 ml of concentrated nitric and perchloric acid (4:1) and heated on a hot plate at 120 °C until complete evaporation of acid mixture and dryness. Residues were made up to 20 ml solution by adding 20 ml solution of Milli-Q water with 20 % nitric acid and filtered with Whatman filter paper (Sudharsan et al., 2012 ). Trace metal concentrations in tissues were determined with Inductively Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer).
Sediments were weighed and oven-dried at 60 °C to constant weight for at least 48 h. Dried sediments were ground into a powdery form using an electronic ball shaker, sieved with a 75 μm mesh. One gram of homogenized sediment was digested with acid in triplicates in line with the methods of Sudharsan et al. (2012) . Water samples were thawed and filtered with Whatman filter paper. Five ml of water samples were digested in 10 ml AR grade nitric acid, made up to 50 ml with deionized water and analyzed for metal concentrations with ICP-OES.
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