Poncirin

Deionized water was used for HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis and was purified using a Milli-Q system (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and ROE (Newark, New Castle, USA), respectively. Methanol (AR) was purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). The seventeen reference substances (seven flavonol glycosides, three flavonols, two polymethoxyflavonoids, three coumarins, one alkaloid, and one limonin), including synephrine (15), neoeriocitrin (36), poncirin (39), eriocitrin (40), naringin (42), naringenin (43), narirutin (44), neohesperidin (51), hesperidin (56), apigenin (59), hesperitin (61), xanthotoxol (71), scopoletin (76), auraptene (80), limonin (79), nobiletin (85), and tangeretin (87) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Acetonitrile (HPLC-grade) was purchased from Adamas reagent, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the polyphenol standards (gallic acid, proanthocyanidin B2, epicatechin, proanthocyanidin A2, syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, poncirin, ferulic acid, rutin, phlorizin, and methyl hesperidin), purity ≥99%, were purchased from Shanghai yuanye biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Vitamin C; 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS); 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TPTZ); triton; tris-HCl; paraformaldehyde; and urethane were purchased from the Beijing Solaibao Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Trizol reagent was purchased from TaKaRa (Beijing, China). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) kit, Oil Red O (ORO) kit, and a protein extraction kit were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Beijing, China). Antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Shanghai, China).

SMD, used for gastrointestinal dysmotility in China (approval number: guo-yao-zhun-zi Z20025044; specification: 10 mL/division), was obtained from Hunan Hansen Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Yi Yang, China). HSA was acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), standards, including arecaidine, arecoline, norisoboldine, linderane, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, synephrine, rutin, limonin, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, heohesperidin, poncirin, naringenin, hesperetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and sorbic acid with a purity of over 98%, were purchased from Yuan-ye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol used for HPLC analysis were chromatographic grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).