To assess the activity level of tadpoles belonging to different treatments, we recorded the percentage of active tadpoles (i.e., swimming or foraging) during five 10-min sessions at day 3, 5, and 7 of exposure, twice from 9 to 10 am and three times from 3 to 4 pm. All sessions were video recorded using a digital camera (Olympus Tough TG-5), hung up 1 m above the testing tanks. Tanks belonging to the same block were recorded simultaneously. The number of active tadpoles was assessed in a 10-s interval within each minute, comparing consecutive 1-s frames and counting the number of individuals which changed their position inside the tank at each 1-s interval. A total of 2000 observation were made for each tank (20 tadpoles × 10 1s intervals × 10 min) and the activity level was assessed as (total N of movements / 2000) × 100. Frame to frame movements shorter than tadpole body depth and rotations were excluded from the analysis. The observer was blind with respect to the treatment assigned to each experimental tank.
Tough tg 5
Manufactured by Olympus
Sourced in Japan
The Tough TG-5 is a rugged, waterproof, and shockproof digital camera designed for outdoor and adventurous activities. It features a 12-megapixel image sensor, a 4x optical zoom lens, and the ability to capture high-definition video.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Vhx 5000, by Keyence (1 mentions)
D pbs, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ch30 light microscope, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Om d e m5, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Tough tg 4, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Mz apo, by Leica (1 mentions)
Eos 5d mark 2, by Leica (1 mentions)
Mz apo stereomicroscope, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Photoscan professional v 1, by Agisoft (1 mentions)
12 protocols using tough tg 5
1
Tadpole Activity Level Assessment
2
Coral Pigmentation: Photographic Assessment
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Coral fragments were photographed with a fixed light source (5500 K, LED) in a 40 × 40 × 40 cm studio at the beginning and end of the experiment using a digital camera (Olympus, Tough TG-5). Based on CoralWatch’s “Coral Health Chart”32 (link), fragments were scored along the E1 to E6 axis, and the changes in color scores (final assessment level-initial), rather than color itself, were assessed in the statistical tests outlined below to eliminate bias due to certain corals beginning experiments at slightly paler levels than others. That being said, we did plot raw color values over time for each treatment × culture system interaction group (Fig. 2 D) to highlight differential effects of treatment on color changes for RAS+B and FTS corals, since, in some cases, starting pigmentation levels were similar.
3
Digital Imaging Analysis of Plant Tissues
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We took digital images of the dyed leaves of ‘Nipponbare’ and panicles of ‘Koshihikari’ with a digital camera in macro mode (Tough TG-5; Olympus) and processed them in a digital microscope software (VHX-5000; Keyence) to extract the regions corresponding to damaged tissues by hue (leaf, 22–59; panicle, 30–42), saturation (leaf, 0–90; panicle, 0–54), and brightness (leaf, 128–255; panicle, 135–255).
4
Topical RA Inhibits FP Tumor Growth
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Photos with a scale bar were taken of patients undergoing ectopic RA treatment using an Olympus Tough TG-5, bi-weekly, for the duration of their treatment. This allowed the surface area of each tumor to be analyzed using ImageJ. Direct measurements were also taken bi-weekly using iGaging digital calipers to record the length and width of each tumor. A topical RA therapeutic (Spear Tretinoin Cream 0.1%) was applied for a 6–8-week course depending on the veterinary determination of patient status. Each treated tumor was coupled with a control tumor in the same anatomical location on the opposite side of the body. Tumor length, width, and surface area were analyzed to determine the overall effectiveness of topical RA treatments for inhibiting FP tumor growth.
5
Quantifying Zebrafish Swimming Behavior
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After 10 days, each group of zebrafish was transferred into a 1.5 L tank for 1 h to acclimate, and their swimming behavior was assessed from the side view using a video camera (Olympus Tough TG-5, Tokyo, Japan).
To analyze swimming behavior, zebrafish fed a normal diet were recorded for 5 min. The swimming pattern, active time (min), and distance moved (cm) were analyzed for each individual [33 (link),34 (link)]. The distance moved was calculated frame by frame. To measure the velocity of responding to stimuli, the zebrafish were starved for half a day and their inclination to chase food when fed over a period of 8 s was recorded. Then, the velocity in the active time at which they were chasing food after the time the fish perceived the food was measured as the distance moved (cm) per second. Cases in which the fish failed to perceive feeding were excluded. All videos were analyzed using the video tracking software LoliTrack 4.2.1 (Loligo Systems, Viborg, Denmark).
To analyze swimming behavior, zebrafish fed a normal diet were recorded for 5 min. The swimming pattern, active time (min), and distance moved (cm) were analyzed for each individual [33 (link),34 (link)]. The distance moved was calculated frame by frame. To measure the velocity of responding to stimuli, the zebrafish were starved for half a day and their inclination to chase food when fed over a period of 8 s was recorded. Then, the velocity in the active time at which they were chasing food after the time the fish perceived the food was measured as the distance moved (cm) per second. Cases in which the fish failed to perceive feeding were excluded. All videos were analyzed using the video tracking software LoliTrack 4.2.1 (Loligo Systems, Viborg, Denmark).
6
Visualizing Fossil Relief Using Photogrammetry
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The fossils show a relief in the body, especially fossil SF-MeI 15483. To visualize and analyse this relief photogrammetry was applied. For photogrammetric reconstruction, a set of 38 images were taken. Twenty-eight images were taken while rotating the specimen in front of the camera. The remaining 10 images were taken while moving the specimen longitudinally and transversally in front of the camera with each image capturing greater than or equal to 50% of the fossil. An Olympus Tough TG-5 set to ‘Microscope’ mode was used for taking the images with a slightly oblique view on the fossil. Reconstruction of a 3D model and the colour-coded image shown in figure 1 d was done with Agisoft Metashape Professional v. 1.6.3.
7
Oxygen Plasma Treatment on Floating Paper Sheets
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Some of the P00 sheets were subjected to oxygen plasma treatment; one surface of the P00 sheets was treated using a compact ion etcher (Model FA-1, Samco International Inc., Japan). Oxygen plasma treatment was conducted for 30 s in oxygen gas at a pressure of 30 Pa under an electric field operating at 13.56 MHz. The plasma power density was adjusted to 0.05, 0.10, or 0.20 W cm−2, and the oxygen plasma-treated sheets were denoted as P05, P10, and P20, respectively.
A colored aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving red food coloring (85% dextrin and 15% new coccine dye; Kyoritsu Foods Co., Ltd., Japan) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (D-PBS(−); FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan). To examine the effect of oxygen plasma treatment on the floating state of the sheets in aqueous solution, the P00 and P10 sheets were placed over the colored aqueous solution, and their images were captured using a digital camera (Tough TG-5; Olympus Corporation, Japan).
A colored aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving red food coloring (85% dextrin and 15% new coccine dye; Kyoritsu Foods Co., Ltd., Japan) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (D-PBS(−); FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan). To examine the effect of oxygen plasma treatment on the floating state of the sheets in aqueous solution, the P00 and P10 sheets were placed over the colored aqueous solution, and their images were captured using a digital camera (Tough TG-5; Olympus Corporation, Japan).
8
Taxonomic Study of Limestone Cave Specimens
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Specimens were discovered in the dark zone of an isolated limestone of Tham Loko (Loko Cave), Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province (Fig. 1 ). This karst hill has been developed from Permian carbonate rock (286-245 mya) of the Ratchaburi group (Jantarit et al. 2020 ). The isolated limestone is relatively small, approximately 2.68 km long and 0.81 km wide (Fig. 2 ). The specimens were collected by hand and stored in 95% ethanol. Specimens were examined and dissected in 70% ethanol. All appendages were embedded in glycerine medium and mounted on a series of glass slides. Morphological characters were examined and drawn using a drawing tube attached to an Olympus CH30 light microscope. The pencil drawings were scanned and digitally inked using a WACOM Bamboo CTH-970 graphics board, following the method described in Coleman (2003) (link). Photos of the habitus were taken by an Olympus Tough TG-5. Setae terminology follows Cals and Boutin (1985) , Wagner (1994) and Rogers and Sanoamuang (2016) (link).
Abbreviations used in the description are:
A- antenna; GN- gnathopod; MX- maxilla; MP- maxilliped, P- pereopod; PL- pleopod; T- telson and UR- uropod
Repository NHM-PSU = Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
Abbreviations used in the description are:
A- antenna; GN- gnathopod; MX- maxilla; MP- maxilliped, P- pereopod; PL- pleopod; T- telson and UR- uropod
9
Mangrove Canopy Cover Quantification
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Mangrove canopy cover at each sample point was determined by digital image analysis using the free-ware program ImageJ. 48 Images were acquired with a digital camera (Olympus Tough TG-5) at a ratio of 4: 3 (4000 x 3000 pixels) and a focal length of 4.5 mm (aperture = f/2.0). All photos was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted May 10, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.10.087411 doi: bioRxiv preprint were acquired in full-auto mode. The camera was mounted horizontally on a folding tripod at a height of 1 m above the ground and levelled before use. Images were recorded under conditions of diffuse skylight during the early morning and each image was converted to white (open; sky) and black (closed; canopy) pixels. Canopy cover was then calculated as the percentage of total black pixels.
The copyright holder for this preprint (which this version posted May 10, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.10.087411 doi: bioRxiv preprint were acquired in full-auto mode. The camera was mounted horizontally on a folding tripod at a height of 1 m above the ground and levelled before use. Images were recorded under conditions of diffuse skylight during the early morning and each image was converted to white (open; sky) and black (closed; canopy) pixels. Canopy cover was then calculated as the percentage of total black pixels.
10
Arthropod Visitation Dynamics on Androsace brevis
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We video recorded the activity of flower-visiting arthropods on A. brevis cushions during the same three days of the manual sampling (Table 2 ). During video observations, we simultaneously recorded arthropod activity on three A. brevis cushions by means of three cameras (Olympus Tough TG-4, Olympus Tough TG-5, and Olympus OM-D E-M5 equipped with Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 12–50 mm f/3.5–6.3 EZ), ensuring the same video quality in macro-mode. Each video session lasted 1 h and included three 15-min videos per cushion. We selected this timing so as to have 5 min between each consecutive video to check camera function and change the batteries. We mounted each camera on a small tripod (h ≃ 40 cm) placed 40 cm from the focal cushion. At this distance we could obtain high-definition videos, while minimizing the disturbance for arthropods. During video recordings, researchers were 10 m away from the cameras and intervened only to check cameras or stop the ongoing observation and start a new one. As focal plants, we selected A. brevis cushions bearing at least five flowers at anthesis (mean ± SEM: 15.4 ± 3.1 flowers per cushion, ranging from 5 to 29 flowers). In total, we recorded 123 videos on nine different A. brevis plants.
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