Rage inhibitor fps zm1

D-glucose was purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA, Fraction V) was obtained from Mbchem (Shanghai, China). SphK1 inhibitor 5C (5C) was obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). MG-132 and SphK1 inhibitor PF-543 were obtained from Selleck. RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 and RAP were obtained from Merck Millipore. C17-D-erythro-Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (C17-S1P), S1P, and C17-D-erythro-sphingosine (C17-sph) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Streptozotocin (STZ), aminoguanidine (AG), ATP, cycloheximide (CHX) and antibodies against α-tubulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes were purchased from Immobilon^®-PSQ (Millipore, MA, USA). Nuclear Extract Kit was purchased from Active Motif (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibodies against FN, RAGE, OctA(FLAG^®), SphK1 used for IP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); SphK1 used for WB (Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA); SphK1 used for immunohistochemistry (Boster Immunoleader, Wuhan, Hubei, China); horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Promega, Madison, WI, USA); Lipofectamine® LTX & Plus Reagent and Lipofectamine® RNAiMAX Reagent (Life Technologies™, Grand Island, NY, USA) were purchased from commercial sources.

The antibodies used in this study were as follows: anti-β-actin (sc-8432, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-ERK1/2 (sc-135900, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-p-ERK1/2 (sc-7383, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-MFN1 (sc-50330, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-RAGE (sc-365154, Santa Cruz, CA, USA and ab89911, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-MFN2 (sc-100560, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-OPA1(sc-393296, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-phospho-Drp1^Ser616 (#3455, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), anti-phospho-Drp1 ^Ser637 (#6319, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), anti-LC3 (#3868, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), anti-HMGB1 (#3935, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA and #651401, Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA), and anti-p62 (#39749, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA). All secondary antibodies (HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit, anti-mouse and anti-goat) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The lentivirus carrying shRNAs against RAGE, HMGB1, Drp1, MFN1 and OPA1 were obtained from the National Core Facility for Manipulation of Gene Function by RNAi, miRNA, miRNA sponges, and CRISPR/Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica. The recombinant HMGB1 proteins, HMGB1 inhibitor quercetin were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 was purchased from Merck (Temecula, CA, USA).