Potassium hydroxide

Ground F. vesiculosus from July 2017 was purchased from Algaplus Lda (Aveiro, Portugal). Acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile HPLC grade, hydrochloric acid, and glacial acetic acid were acquired from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The enzymes α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC No.—3.2.1.20) and xanthine oxidase from bovine milk (EC No.—1.17.3.2), together with 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA), phloroglucinol, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS-NH₄), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), 4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), allopurinol, ascorbic acid, and formic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium persulfate, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydroxide, sodium di-hydrogen phosphate 1-hydrate, and gallic acid were acquired from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NADH), trolox, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), acarbose, and 4-nitrophenol were purchased from Acros Organics (Hampton, NH, USA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were acquired from Honeywell Riedel-de Haën (Charlotte, NC, USA), and xanthine were purchased from AlfaAesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). All reagents were of analytical grade or of the highest available purity.

Reagents manufacturers: sodium nitrite, aluminum chloride, and sodium hydroxide, all extra pure (>99%), saline water (0.9% NaCl), and methanol were acquired from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu's reagent, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid), acetic acid, both extra pure (>99%), and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Panreac (Panreac Química S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). Sodium molybdate (99.5%) was obtained from Chem-Lab (Chem-Lab N.V., Zedelgem, Belgium). The compounds 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl radical (DPPH), potassium phosphate, catechin, potassium persulfate, sodium acetate, 2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-Triazine (TPTZ iron reagent), acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and iron(III) chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Produktions GmbH, Steinheim, Germany). Additionally, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) was purchased from Fluka Chemika (Fluka Chemika, Neu-Ulm, Switzerland). Ethanol, ether petroleum, potassium persulfate, sodium hydroxide, methanol, hydrochloric, formic, and nitric acid, acetonitrile, iron(III) chloride, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sulphuric acid (98%), and potassium hydroxide (98%) were acquired from Panreac (Panreac Química S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain).

The potassium hydroxide, Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) and acetic acid (both extra pure (>99%)), and sodium hydroxide (98%) were purchased from Panreac (Panreac Química S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). Sodium nitrite, aluminum chloride, and sodium carbonate (all extra pure (>99%)) and ethanol were purchased from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium molybdate (99.5%) was purchased from Chem-Lab (Chem-Lab N.V., Zedelgem, Belgium).
Additionally, catechin (98%), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra-methylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, ≥98.0%), DPPH^• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl radical, ≤100.0%), ABTS^•+ (2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt ≥ 98.0%), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈, ≥99.0%), TPTZ (2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-Triazine, ≥98.0%), and iron (III) chloride (FeCl₃) (≥99.9%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Distilled water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used for all extractions and analyses.
Formic acid was obtained from Panreac (Castellar del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain). Acetonitrile was provided by J.T. Baker (Philipsburg, NJ, USA).

Methacrylic acid (MAA,
99.5%), IA (99%), and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA, 98%)
were purchased from Acros Organics. Methyl methacrylate (MMA, 99%),
styrene (St, 99%), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM,
97%), and CDCl₃ (99.8%) used to record ¹H NMR
spectra were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Azobisisobutyronitrile
(AIBN, 98%) was purchased from Fluka. Absolute ethanol (EtOH, 99.8%),
hydrochloric acid (HCl) 37% aqueous solution, EtOAc (99.8%), dichloromethane
(DCM, 99.8%), methanol (MeOH, 99.8%), and acetonitrile (MeCN, 99.9%)
of HPLC grade were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, 99.9%) was purchased from Lab Scan.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH, 85.8%) pellets and sodium hydrogenphosphate
(Na₂HPO₄, 99%) were purchased from Panreac.
1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene 99% was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Soxhlet
thimbles were purchased from Merck. Lupanine, with 82% purity, determined
by ¹H NMR, was obtained following a published procedure.^{31 (link)}

The three oils used in this study were coconut oil (Organic extra virgin coconut oil from PLANTIS^®, Barcelona, Spain), rapeseed oil (Organic cold pressed rapeseed oil Terpenic lab S.L., Barcelona, Spain) and grape seed oil (Refined grape seed Terpenic lab S.L., Barcelona, Spain). Three different batches of each type of oil were purchased in a local market.
2-thiobarbituric acid, and fatty acid methyl esters were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (Steinheim, Germany). Boron/methanol trifluoride and heptane were purchased from Merck (Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA). Potassium hydroxide, hexane, cyclohexanone, hydrochloric acid, trichloroacetic acid and ammonium sulfate were from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a and TA98 and the Mutazime S9 mix at 10% from livers of Aroclor 1254-induced rats were purchased from Moltox (Boone, NC, USA). Nutrient broth and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) tablets were obtained from Oxoid (Basingtone, UK). 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD), 2-aminoanthracene (AA) and 2-aminofluorene (AF), histidine and biotin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, acetic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid) both extra pure (>99%), sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide were purchased from Panreac (Panreac Química S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). Aluminum chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium carbonate, all extra pure (>99%), and methanol were acquired from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium molybdate (99.5%) was purchased from Chem-Lab (Chem-Lab N.V., Zedelgem, Belgium). The compounds 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS^•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl radical (DPPH^•), potassium phosphate, acetonitrile, and standard compounds (all mass spectrometric grades) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Additionally, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) was purchased from Fluka Chemika (Neu-Ulm, Switzerland). Ultrapure water was obtained using a Millipore water purification system.