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Ferricytochrome c

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Ferricytochrome c is a key component of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. It functions as an electron carrier, facilitating the transfer of electrons between enzyme complexes in the mitochondrial membrane. Ferricytochrome c plays a crucial role in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which generates energy in the form of ATP for the cell.

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17 protocols using ferricytochrome c

1

Enzymatic Generation of Superoxide

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The generation of O2⋅-was done using 5 mU/mL xanthine oxidase (XO, Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mM
hypoxanthine (HX, Sigma-Aldrich) in KCl buffer (pH 7.2) at 37°C.
Sustained O2⋅- generation was
confirmed by the SOD-sensitive reduction of 20 μM ferricytochrome
c (Sigma-Aldrich) at 550 nm
red–ox =
21 mM-1cm-1), which showed that
these conditions reduced ferricytochrome c at an
initial rate of 0.6 mM/min.
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2

Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Assay

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11-MUA, catalase, cerium(iii) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O), xanthine oxidase, ferri-cytochrome-C, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) and TMB were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O) were acquired from SD fine chemicals (Mumbai, India). CTAB, tri-sodium citrate dehydrate, hypoxanthine, minimum essential medium eagle media (MEM), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Tris hydrochloride, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), potassium bromide (KBr), diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), citric acid monohydrate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) and antibiotic antimycotic solution were acquired from Hi-media Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India) anti-fade was obtained from Life Technologies (California, USA). NH4OH (ammonium solution) was obtained from Rankem (New Delhi, India). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was acquired from Gibco (Life Technologies Pvt. Ltd. India).
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3

Polycaprolactone-Gelatin Scaffold for Cell Culture

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Polycaprolactone (PCL) (average Mn 80 kDa), gelatin powder (type A from porcine skin), cerium nitrate hexahydratre (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O), ferricytochrome C, xanthine oxidase, resazurin sodium salt, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), 99% was obtained from Alfa Aesar (India). Dulbecco's modified eagle's media-high glucose (DMEM-HG) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (India). Hypoxanthine was purchased from Hi-Media Pvt. Ltd. (India). Hydrogen peroxide 30%w/v (H2O2) was purchased from Nice Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. (India). 3T3-L1 cell line was obtained from National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS) (Pune, India).
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4

Characterization of Pristine and Hydroxylated SWCNTs

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Pristine SWCNTs (p-SWCNTs, CNTs purity > 95%, SWCNT purity > 90%, ash < 5 weight %) and hydroxylated SWCNTs (OH-SWCNTs, purity > 90%) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were originally obtained from Cheng du Organic Chemicals Co. (Cheng du, China). The following reagents were all purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA): Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), ferricytochrome c, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt hydrate(NADPH), bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), EGTA, Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium salt hydrate (FAD), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC).
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5

Cytochrome c Reduction Assay

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The release of O2 was estimated by cytochrome c reduction as previously described (Vulcano et al., 2004). Briefly, after cell culture, the medium was replaced with HBSS (pH 7.4) containing 80 μM ferricytochrome c (Sigma‐Aldrich) and the required stimulus. Cytochrome c reduction was determined by measuring absorbance at 550 nm using a Perkin‐Elmer Victor3 1420 Multilabel Counter.
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6

Leukocyte Respiratory Burst Assay

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Leukocyte respiratory burst activity was assayed via the reduction of the ferricytochrome c by released superoxide anion (O2-). Briefly, splenic leukocytes were distributed into 96-well plates at a concentration of 2 x 106 cells/ml (100 µl per well). After an overnight incubation, the media was removed by centrifugation (500 x g for 5 min) and the cells in each well stimulated with 100 µl of HBSS (Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution, Gibco) containing 1 x 104 cfu/ml of each of the three bacterial strains and ferricytochrome c (2 mg/ml, Sigma). After 30 min at RT in darkness, the optical density (OD) was measured at 550 nm in a multiscan spectrophotometer FLUOstar Omega (BMG Labtech, Germany).
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7

Extracellular Superoxide Production by Macrophages

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Generation of extracellular superoxide anion (O2-) from peritoneal macrophages was assayed as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome C with or without stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (Dvorožňáková et al., 2008 (link)). Peritoneal cells were aseptically harvested in RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany) to a final concentration of 1x106 cells/ml. One ml of cell suspension was adhered to each well using 24-well plates (Falcon, France) and incubated at 37 oC in 5  % CO2 and 85  % humidity for 2 h. The reaction was carried out in 0.3 ml/well of 160 μM ferricytochrome C (Sigma-Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany) in Earl’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) (pH 7.2). For control the reaction was blocked by 300 μg SOD/10 μl in EBSS (Sigma-Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany). 10 μl of PMA (Sigma-Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany) in ethanol was used for the stimulation of cells for respiratory burst. Cells were incubated at 37 oC in 5  % CO2 and 85 % humidity for 2 h and the optical density (OD) of supernatant was measured at 550 nm. The amount of O2- produced was calculated from the difference between OD in reactions blocked by SOD and without SOD. As the resulting value, the nanomols (nmol) of produced O2- were calculated according to the formula: nmol O2- = (OD/6.3) x 100 and determinated for 1 mg of cell proteins.
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8

Neutrophil Superoxide Production Assay

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Bone marrow-derived neutrophils were isolated as described (10 (link)). Superoxide production was assessed upon three distinct stimuli. For measurement upon immune complex surface, 96 well microtiter plates (Nunc maxisorp) were coated with 20 µg/ml human serum albumin (HSA, Sigma Aldrich) in bicarbonate containing buffer (35 mM NaHCO3 and 15 mM Na2CO3) for one hour. After washing with Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, HyClone) HSA specific antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) was added in 1:200 dilutions in HBSS containing 10% (w/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Capricorn Scientific) for one hour. Integrin surface was created by coating the wells with 150 µg/ml fibrinogen (Calbiochem) for 30 minutes and after washing, adding mouse TNFα (Sigma-Aldrich) in 100 ng/ml final concentration. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, Sigma-Aldrich) was used in 100 nM concentration. In each case, 4x105 neutrophils in HBSS containing 100 µM ferricytochrome c (Sigma-Aldrich) were added to the wells in three parallels (background superoxide production was also measured without stimulus). Change of OD (on 550 and 540 nm) was measured for one hour with an ELISA reader (ThermoFisher Scientific), and the amount of produced superoxide by 106 cells was calculated.
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9

DETA-NONOate Mitochondrial Respiration Assay

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(Z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl) amino] diazen-1-ium-1, 2-diolate (DETA-NONOate) was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete™ Mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail) was from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN). Antimycin A, Coenzyme A, cytochrome C, ferricytochrome C, carbonylcyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP), oligomycin, potassium cyanide, S-methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS), rotenone, thiamine pyrophosphate, urea, CHAPS, neocuproine and cuprizone were all from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Decylubiquinol was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX); and R(+) α-lipoic acid (LA) was from Toronto Chemical Research (Toronto, Canada). NHS -Cy dyes and dye maleimides were from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ).
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10

Quantifying Neutrophil Superoxide Release

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Release of superoxide was measured by reduction of ferricytochrome c as previously described but with the following modifications [28 ]. Cells (0.1 million/well) were incubated in a 96-well plate for 30 min at 37 °C with 1 or 2 μg/mL TNF-α or buffer alone in the presence of ferricytochrome c (Sigma) (0.1 mM final). The plate was placed in a plate reader that was maintained at 37 °C. After priming, the plate containing primed neutrophils was transferred to ice and OpZ (MOI = 15) was added. The plate was centrifuged for 5 min at 300 g at 4 °C to synchronize phagocytosis and absorbance at 550 nm was monitored at regular intervals at 37°C. Specificity of the superoxide signal was verified by including SOD (150U/well) in a separate set of wells. SOD-inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome c was calculated as the difference in OD of samples with and without SOD. Time-dependent increase in SOD-inhibitable signal was subjected to regression analysis and the slope was calculated to determine the rate of superoxide release. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism.
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