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8 protocols using fatty acid free bovine serum albumin fraction 5

1

TGF-β Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Recombinant TGF-β1 was obtained from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ) and fatty acid–free bovine serum albumin (BSA; fraction V) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Media and cell culture reagents were from Biological Industries (Beit Haemek, Israel) or Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) against Smad3 (reactive with Smad3 and Smad2; sc-528) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). G418 was purchased from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA). Dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay system was from Promega (Fitchburg, WI). Affinity-purified biotinylated goat anti-rabbit (GαR) IgG and Cy3-streptavidin were obtained from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories (West Grove, PA). Anti-myc tag (αmyc) 9E10 mouse ascites (Evan et al., 1985 (link)) and HA.11 rabbit antiserum to the HA tag (αHA) were from Covance Research Products (Denver, PA). IgG and monovalent Fab′ fragment αmyc were prepared from the 9E10 ascites as described (Henis et al., 1994 (link)). Alexa Fluor 488–GαR IgG and Alexa Fluor 546–goat anti-mouse (GαM) F(ab′)2 were from Invitrogen-Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR); fluorescent F(ab′)2 was converted into Fab′ as described (Gilboa et al., 1998 (link)). [125I]TGFβ-1 was from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA). Goat IgG against the extracellular domain of TβRIII was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Mouse anti–β-actin was from Sigma-Aldrich.
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2

Oxidative Stress Biomarker Evaluation

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4,2-Hydroxyethyl,1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid (HEPES), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), sucrose, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V, Coomassie brilliant blue, dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ammonium chloride, Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and hydroxymethyl aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Citicoline was purchased from Alborz Darou® (Tehran, Iran). Commercial kits were used for the assessment of plasma biomarkers (Pars Azmoon®, Tehran, Iran).
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3

Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

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2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), Coomassie brilliant blue, 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-carboxylic acid (Trolox), dithiothreitol (DTT), fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3•6H2O), D-mannitol, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), sodium succinate, rhodamine 123 (Rh 123), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), taurine, sucrose, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Kits for evaluating serum biochemistry were obtained from Pars Azmun (Tehran, Iran). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), 3-diol-hydro-chloride (Tris-HCl), glacial acetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), n-butanol, iodoacetic acid, and meta-phosphoric acid were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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4

Oxidative Stress Biomarker Assay Protocol

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Sodium succinate, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 4,2-hydroxyethyl,1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), manganese chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ammonium chloride, D-mannitol, 3-(N-morpholino)-propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), n-butanol, 3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2’,7’dichlorofluorescein (DCF), sucrose, rhodamine 123 (Rh 123), Coomassie brilliant blue, and ethylene glycol-bis-(2-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydroxymethyl aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All salts for preparing buffers were of the analytical grade and obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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5

Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites Analysis

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ANA, 3-OH-ANA, L-KYN, 3-OH-KYN, KYNA, L-TRP, QUIN, xanthurenic acid (XAN), L-malic acid, rotenone, NADH (disodium salt), decylubiquinone (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA, fraction V) came from Sigma-Aldrich. Triethanolamine-HCl, KCN, succinic acid and L-glutamic acid were purchased from Fluka. ADP (potassium salt) was obtained from Boehringer. Other chemicals were from Merck.
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6

Adipogenesis Induction by STZ and Insulin

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Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA). Streptozotocin (STZ) was obtained from Enzo Life Science (USA). Fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin fraction V, glycerol assay reagent, isoproterenol, penicillin-streptomycin, type-II collagenase, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (HEPES) were provided from Sigma (USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) were purchased from Fluka Chemical Co. Indomethacin and human insulin were kindly provided by EXIR Company (Iran).
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7

Comprehensive Biochemical Assay Protocol

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Glutathione (GSH), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), trichloroacetic acid, malondialdehyde, 3-[4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O), D-mannitol, thiobarbituric acid, 3-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin fraction V, coomassie brilliant blue, Rhodamine123, dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), dithiothreitol (DTT), ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N′, N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), tramadol, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and sucrose were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Kits for assessing biomarkers of renal injury were obtained from Parsazmoon® (Tehran, Iran). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, potassium chloride (KCl), 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), iodoacetic acid, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), acetonitrile HPLC grade, meta-phosphoric acid, dinitro fluoro benzene, n-butanol, and 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol-hydrochloride (Tris-HCl), were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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8

Isolation and Characterization of Human Adipocytes

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High glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin fraction V, glycerol assay reagent, isoproterenol (ISO), human adiponectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, penicillin-streptomycin solution, type-II collagenase, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 3-(4,5dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (HEPES) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human C-peptide was purchased from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). Human insulin and indomethacin were kindly provided by Exir Company, Iran. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibodies against CD34, CD44, CD45, and CD105 were bought from AbD Serotec (Raleigh, NC, USA).
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