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31 protocols using sirt6

1

Molecular Mechanisms of Islet Dysfunction

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Islets or cell lysates containing 20 μg were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% skim milk, the blot was probed with primary antibody against Glut2, GK, TFAM, insulin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Pdx1 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Sirt6, FoxO1, p-FoxO1 (Cell Signaling Technology), and GAPDH (Bioworld Technology). For immunoprecipitation, 250 μg of protein precleared with protein G-agarose was incubated with anti-FoxO1 overnight at 4 °C, then with protein G-agarose at 4 °C for 2 h. Blots were probed with primary antibody against Sirt6, acetyl-lysine, FoxO1 (Cell Signaling Technology), or ubiquitin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and signals were detected with a Las-4000 imager (GE Healthcare Life Science, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).
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2

Autophagy Modulation and Sirtuin Signaling

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The following reagents were used in this study: tenovin-6 (BSCC-37, Agave Pharm, Seattle, WA), chloroquine diphosphate (C6628, Sigma, St. Louis, MO), bafilomycin A1 (B1793, Sigma), rapamycin (R8781, Sigma), and LysoTracker Red DND-99 (L7528, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
The antibodies used were: LC3B (CTB-LC3-1-50, Cosmo Bio, Carlsbad, CA), LC3A (ab62720, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), SQSTM1/p62 (PM045, MBL, New York, NY), ATG5 (#2630, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), β-actin (sc-8432, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX), β-tubulin (T8453, Sigma), p53 (DO-1, sc-126, Santa Cruz), acetyl-p53 (K382) (#2524, Cell Signaling Technology), Phospho-p53 (S15) (#9284, Cell Signaling Technology), Bax (#2772, Cell Signaling Technology), Puma (#4976, Cell Signaling Technology), p21 (#556430, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ), PARP-1 (#9532, Cell Signaling Technology), c-caspase 3 (#9664, Cell Signaling Technology), caspase 8 (#9746, Cell Signaling Technology), c-caspase 9 (SC-7885, Santa Cruz), SIRT1 (#8469, Cell Signaling Technology), SIRT2 (#12672, Cell Signaling Technology), SIRT3 (#2627, Cell Signaling Technology), SIRT4 (NB100-1406, Novus, St Charles, MO), SIRT5 (#8782, Cell Signaling Technology), SIRT6 (#2590, Cell Signaling Technology), and SIRT7 (#5360, Cell Signaling Technology).
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3

Protein Extraction and Immunoblotting

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Total protein extraction and immunoblots were performed as previously described [15 (link)]. Antibodies specific to PLIN2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), FOXO3 (Cell Signaling), SIRT6 (Cell Signaling) and Tubulin (Cell Signaling) were used. Secondary antibody (Li-Cor Biosciences) signals were detected using an Odyssey infrared imaging system (Li-Cor Biosciencesgeneration).
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4

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Epigenetic Regulation

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Cells were harvested at 80% confluency after 48 h with or without cumate. Trypsin was used to remove cells from the plate and then neutralized with PBS containing FBS and spun down to collect the cell pellet. The cell pellet was washed with cold PBS 1x prior to using Abcam Ab500 ChIP Kit. H3K9ac (Abcam ab4441), H3K18ac (Abcam ab1191), and SIRT6 (Cell Signaling #12486) antibodies were used. The manufacturer's protocol was used with the following considerations: Fixation time = 10 min at 37°C, Sonication settings (Qsonica Instrument) = 12.5 min, 15 s on/off, 30% output, 4°. qPCR primers from (Kawahara et al, 2009 (link); Tasselli et al, 2016 (link)) were used.
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5

Protein Expression and Localization

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Tissues and cells were homogenized in Tissue Protein Extraction Reagent or Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent (Thermo). Nuclear and cytoplasmic components were isolated using NE-PER nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction kit (Thermo). Homogenates (20 μg of total protein) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes.
Antibodies were used against the following proteins: Sirt6, Sirt1, Ac-H3K9, FoxO1, p-FoxO1 (Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), Ac-lysine, Sirt2, Sirt3 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), ubiquitin (Santa Cruz Biochemicals, Dallas, TX, USA), Sirt4, lamin B, GAPDH (Bioworld Technology, St Louis Park, MN, USA), Sirt5, Sirt7, Ac-FoxO1 (LifeSpan Biosciences, Seattle, WA, USA), and HSP90 (Enzo Life Sciences, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA).
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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Frozen lung tissue was homogenized in mammalian protein extraction reagent (M‐PER) to prepare a protein sample. Lysates of BEAS‐2B cell were prepared similarly. The lysates were mixed with 10% SDS‐PAGE then electrophoresis was performed on the same volume. After the electrophoresis, the protein was transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL, USA) then blocked with 5% milk for 1 hr at room temperature. The proteins were incubated with Snail (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), E‐cadherin (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), Vimentin (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), α‐SMA (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), β‐actin (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), Sirt1 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), Sirt2 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), Sirt3 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.), Sirt6 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Tech.) antibodies at 4°C overnight in a shaker incubator. After washing with TBS‐T, the membranes were incubated with anti‐rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugated antibody (1:5000; Cell Signaling Tech.) for 1 hr at room temperature. The protein bands were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence with a Super Signal west pico kit (Bridgen Biological Technology, Shanghai, China). Films were scanned and analysed by densitometry using Syngene GeneGenius software (Syngene, Frederick, MD, USA).
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7

Immunoprecipitation Assay Protocol

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IP assay was conducted following the IP protocol utilizing magnetic separation which provided by Cell Signaling using antibodies against flag (1:200 OriGene), SIRT6 (1:200 Cell Signaling), or acetylated-lysine (1:100 Cell Signaling). The samples were boiled in 5 X SDS-PAGE sample buffer and subjected to immunoblot analysis
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8

Comprehensive Protein Analysis Workflow

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Cells and reactions were collected using a 2x Laemmli solution and incubated on ice for 15 min, during which time the samples were passed through a large gauge needle several times and vortexed every 5 min. Samples were then spun at 14,000 RPM to remove debris, and the supernatant was transferred to a new tube. Samples were heated in boiling water for 20 min before being centrifuged at 14,000 RPM for 1 min and loaded into a BioRad Criterion 4–20% gel. After transfer to PDVF membrane and blocked (5% dehydrated milk) for 2 h at RT, membranes were incubated overnight antibodies in 2.5% blocking buffer at 4°C. Membranes were washed 3x with TBST for 10 min each before secondary antibody in 1x TBST was added for 2 h incubation at RT. Membranes were washed 3x with TBST for 10 min and then imaged.
The following antibodies were used: H3 (Abcam ab500)‐1:5,000, H3K9ac (Abcam ab4441)‐1:1,000, H3K18ac (Abcam ab1191)‐1:1,000, β‐tubulin (Abcam ab6046)‐1:10,000, SIRT6 (Cell Signaling #12486)‐1:1,000, Lamin A/C‐1:1,000 (Abcam ab108595, Millipore 05–714), γH2AX (Millipore 05–636), PARP1(Abcam ab227244)‐1:1,000, Vimentin‐1:1,000 (Abcam ab92547); TAF15‐1:2,000 (Abcam ab134916); mADPr 1:500 (AbD33204 and AbD33205)(Bonfiglio et al, 2020 (link)).
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9

Western Blot and Immunoprecipitation Protocols

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20–40 µg of protein were resolved on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Invitrogen, CA, USA). The membranes were probed with antibodies against SIRT1, SIRT2 (Sigma-Aldrich), SIRT3, SIRT6 (Cell Signaling Technology), NRF2 (Abcam, cell signaling), HPRT, GAPDH (Proteintech), TBP, and β-actin (Abcam). HRP-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit and donkey anti-mouse were used as secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) and visualized by Pierce Super Signal Chemiluminescent Substrates.
For IP, cells or tissue were lysed using IP buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% NP-40, and 5% glycerol), and cell extracts were incubated overnight with appropriate antibodies followed by incubation with protein A or G agarose beads for 4 hr at 4°C. After washing five times with IP buffer, immunocomplexes were resolved using SDS-PAGE and analyzed by western blot.
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10

Protein Extraction and Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Treated A549 cells were lysed by RIPA lysis buffer and total protein was extracted. Primary antibodies for Sirt6, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, USA). CTGF, TGF-β1, vimentin, α-SMA, and Smad3 were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). E-cadherin and FN were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, USA).
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