202 height measure

Blood pressure and heart rate were measured using the Omron HEM-70151T digital blood pressure monitor. Two measurements of each were taken and the mean was used in subsequent analysis. Weight was measured with the Tanita BV-418 MA body composition analyser. Height was measured using a Seca 202 height measure. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height². Waist circumference at the level of the umbilicus was measured using a Wessex non-stretchable sprung tape measure. Baseline visual acuity was measured using a computerised semiautomated LogMAR system at 3 m, with best available correction.

Participants answered a detailed touch-screen questionnaire which included information regarding their age, gender, ethnicity, education, household income, history of disease and surgery, use of vitamin supplement (yes/no), as well as lifestyle factors, including sleep duration (hours/day), alcohol drinking (never/previous/current) and smoking status (never/former/current). Physical activity (PA) was assessed using the short form International Physical Activity Questionnaire [21 (link)], and the metabolic equivalent (MET)- minutes/week of PA was calculated based on their answers to time spent on walking, moderate PA and vigorous PA. Weight was measured with the BV-418 MA body composition analyser (Tanita), and height was measured in a barefoot standing position using a Seca 202 height measure. Body mass index was calculated based on measured weight (kg) divided by measured height (m) squared. Depression was recorded during the interview with a research nurse. Blood cholesterols, including triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were measured by direct enzymatic methods ((Konelab, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts), and Glycosylated haemoglobin, Type A1C (HbA1c)) was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography on a Bio-Rad Variant II Turbo.

Health related measurements were also recorded during the baseline visit. Weight was measured using Tanita BC-418MA body composition analyzer and height with Seca 202 height measure, and they were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI; kg/m²). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured, using Omron HEM-705 IT digital blood pressure monitor, twice with 1-min interval between the two measurements. The average SBP and DBP were calculated and used in the analyses. Diabetes was defined using the ICD-10 primary/main diagnosis codes from hospital inpatient records: E10–E14.

Trained staff used standardized procedures and regularly calibrated equipment to obtain the body size measurements. Waist circumference at the level of the umbilicus was measured using a Wessex nonstretchable sprung tape measure. Hip circumference was measured using the same tape measure. Standing height was measured with a Seca 202 height measure after participants had removed their shoes. Body weight was measured using the Tanita BC‐418 MA body composition analyzer after shoes and heavy outer clothing were removed. BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kilograms) over height (meters) squared; waist‐to‐hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference; and waist‐to‐height ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference by standing height.

BMI was estimated with baseline height, which was measured to the nearest 0.1 centimeter (cm) using a Seca 202 height measure, and baseline weight, which was measured to the nearest 0.1 kilogram (kg) using a Tanita BC418MA body composition analyzer. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², in accordance with the WHO criteria [26 ]. In present study, participants who met the criteria of obesity but not sarcopenia at baseline were categorized into obesity group.