Chlorpromazine

Cells were treated with 10 μM rabeprazole (Rabe) or omeprazole (Ome) to inhibit PPs (Selleck, Shanghai, China). Cells were treated with 10 μM Cytochalasin D to inhibit phagocytosis (MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China). Cells were treated with 10 μM indomethacin (MedChemExpress) or chlorpromazine (Selleck) to inhibit caveolae‐ or clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, respectively. Macropinocytosis was inhibited by treatment cells with 10 μM LY294002 or amiloride (Selleck). Cells were treated with 10 μM KM91104 or 10 nM Baf‐A1, or 10 μM azathioprine (Selleck) to inhibit the activity of v‐ATPase or RAC1, respectively. Cells were treated with 10 μM Dynasore (MedChemExpress), CDC42‐IN‐1 (Selleck) or NAV‐2729 (MedChemExpress) to inhibit the activity of dynamin, CDC42 and ARF6, respectively. Cell cholesterol was extracted by treatment with 10 μM MeβCD (Aladdin). Equal pH gradients in cells were induced by 10 μM 2, 4‐DNP (Merck). Cells were treated with 10 μM H89 (Selleck) to inhibit PKA activation. In most experiments, cells were pretreated with the above reagents for 2 h, followed by subsequent experiments.

Irinotecan hydrochloride, curcumin, poloxamer 105, mannitol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received (USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; pH 7.5) and HQ fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Wortmannin, cytochalasin D, genistein, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were purchased from Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Chlorpromazine was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Shanghai, China). Hydrochloric acid was purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (Chengdu, China). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) was prepared in the laboratory, and ultrapure water was produced using a Milli-Q integral water purification system.