Cacl2

SF (1 g) (Huzhou Xintiansi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China) was immersed in a ternary mixture (10 mL) consisting of CaCl₂ (MACKLIN, Shanghai, China), H₂O (Ultrapure Water Preparation System, EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), and ethanol (Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) at a molar ratio of 1:8:2, and stirred at 80°C using a C-MAG HS4 magnetic heating stirrer (300 r/min; IKA, Staufen, Germany) for 1 hour. After the dissolution of SF, the solution was transferred to a dialysis bag with a molecular weight cutoff of 3500 D (Biosharp, Anhui, China), dialyzed for 2 days against tap water and 1 day against deionized water. The effect of dialysis was detected using a 5% Na₂CO₃ solution. Then, an SF solution was prepared after filtration, 10 mL filtered SF solution were taken, placed in a beaker, dried at 60°C for 72 hours, and then weighed. W1 is the weight of SF solution and beaker after drying, M0 is the weight of the beaker, and V is the volume of SF solution. The mass fraction of SF solution was calculated using the following formula: mass fraction =(M1−M0)/V×100%. The SF solution was thereafter concentrated or diluted to a concentration of 2, 3, or 4%, and stored at 4°C.

Ti₆Al₄V powder was purchased from AK Medical Co., Ltd, Beijing, China. Icariin and type Ⅰ collagen were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China. Na₂HPO₄, CaCl₂, and NaOH were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Alginate was purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China, and its molecular weight ranged from 25 kDa to 50 kDa. Matrigel was purchased from Corning Incorporated, New York, USA. The well plates used for cell experiments were purchased from Corning Incorporated, New York, USA. The low-glucose DMEM medium, RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and 0.25 % EDTA were purchased from Gibco, Grand Island, New York, USA.