Avance neo 600m

The experiment was carried out as reported by Vanhaecht et al [12 (link)]. In brief, a solution of a DNA simulant, 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate (NPP), was incubated with or without K₆[P₂Mo₁₈O₆₂] solution (20 mM) at 37 °C. Then, the NMR spectra of the mixed liquid were determined using an Avance Neo 600m full digital NMR spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA).

A Nicolet iS5 Fourier infrared spectrometer (MA, USA) was used to detect the samples using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The potassium bromide tableting method was used by mixing the sample in potassium bromide evenly and grinding the tableting in an agate mortar with the following scanning range: 500–4000 cm⁻¹. The refined product was analysed via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; deuterated acetone solvent; tetramethylsilane internal standard; AVANCE NEO 600M; Bruker Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) and compared with literature values to confirm it was pure naringin [25 (link),26 (link)].

The instruments used in this study included the following: UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Cary 5000, Agilent, USA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (EQUINOX 55, Bruker, Germany), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer (AVANCE NEO 600M, Bruker, Germany), gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS, 7890A-5975C, Agilent, USA), X-L environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM, Philips, Netherlands), X-ray powder diffractometer (D/MAX2400, Rigaku, Japan), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA/DSC 3+, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland), nanoparticle-size zeta potential analyzer (Zatasizer 300HS, Malvern, UK), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM 800, Zeiss, Germany), enzymometer (Safire2, Tecan, Switzerland), and inverted fluorescence microscope (DMRA2, Leica, Germany).