Hydrochloric acid (hcl)

PVC (for injection molding) was purchased from Tianjin Botian Chemical Company Limited (Tianjin, China). Commercial sodium titanate nanotubes (NaTA) were supplied by Engineering Technology Research Center for Nanomaterials (Jiyuan, China). Graphite powder (spectrally pure) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company Limited (Shanghai, China). Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) was purchased from Anhui Ante Food Company Limited (Suzhou, China). Reagent grade concentrated sulfuric acid (98%), 30% H₂O₂ solution, hydrochloric acid, and 1, 2-ethanediamine (C₂H₄(NH₂)₂) were provided by Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Company (Tianjin, China). Deionized water was prepared at our laboratory. All reagents were used as received without further purification.

Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl, AR), Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K₂HPO₄·3H₂O, AR), Potassium hydroxide (KOH, AR), Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 1 M), Potassium nitrate (KNO₃, AR), Potassium nitrite (KNO₂, AR), Anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl₂, AR), Nickel chloride (NiCl₂, AR), Manganese chloride (MnCl₂, AR), and Cobalt chloride (CoCl₂, AR) were obtained from Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China).

Corn stalk, sawdust, cotton, fabric, melamine sponge, and copper mesh were purchased from a local market. The cotton sample is the raw fiber. The fabric used is the cotton gauze, which has wrap and weft yarns of 32 counts of pure cotton with a number of 50 × 44 per square inch. Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂, 99%), pyrrole (C₄H₄NH, 99%), hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS, CH₃(CH₂)₁₅Si(OCH₃)₃, ≥85%), ammonium hydroxide (NH₃∙H₂O, 28%), absolute ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH), acetic acid (CH₃COOH, 99.5%), ethyl acetate (C₄H₈O₂, 99%), liquid paraffin (99%), benzene (C₆H₆, ≥99.5%), petroleum ether, tetrachloromethane (CCl₄, 98%) methylbenzene (C₇H₈, 99%), chloroform (CHCl₃, 99%), and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂, 99%) were acquired from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥96.0%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.5%∼38%), and ferric trichloride (FeCl₃, 99%) were purchased from Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The engine oil, diesel, and corn oil were obtained locally.