Alcl3

D-gal (98% purity), AlCl₃ (99% purity), 5-MTHF (≥95% purity) and donepezil (≥98% purity) were obtained from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA) reference standards (≥98% purity by HPLC) were obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). AChE, NOS, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) kits were obtained from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Aβ_1-42, p-Tau, endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ELISA kits were acquired from Jianglai Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Primers for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) were purchased from General Biosystems Co., Ltd. (Anhui, China). Reverse transcription and PCR amplification kits were purchased from Accurate Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. (Hunan, China).

Folin's reaction solution, sodium carbonate, 2,4,6-tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ), 2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), potassium persulfate, quercetin, trolox, gallic acid, FeCl₃, sodium acetate, and AlCl₃ were from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (MA, USA), and formic acid was purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Distilled water was obtained from a distilled water machine (EPED-E1-10TJ).
S. involucratus (King ex Bak.) Craib was collected from Yangshan County, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, China.

NaOH, AlCl₃, NaNO₂, 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, Na₂CO₃, 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, potassium ferricyanide, ferric chloride, and trichloroacetic acid were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Rutin, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Vitamin C (Vc) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while foline-phenol, β-sitosterol, and vanillin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MI, USA). Assay kits for LDH, MDA, SOD, and GSH-PX were bought from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). RPMI-1640 culture medium, phosphate buffer solution (0.01 M, pH 7.2), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 0.05%Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA), while fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Huzhou, China). ROS assay kit and 30% H₂O₂ solution were gained from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All organic reagents used in the experiments, including petroleum ether (bp. 60–90 °C), ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and 95% ethanol, were of analytical grade.