2 ethoxyethanol

MBN were synthesized by modified sol-gel method [2 (link)]. Briefly, in 150 mL of distilled water, 10 mL 2-ethoxyethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 mL aqueous ammonia (Samchun, Seoul, Korea), 1.4 g calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca (NO₃) ₂.4H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 20 mL ethanol (Samchun, Seoul, Korea), and then 1 g hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were added. After 30 min stirring, 5 mL and 0.25 mL of tetradecyl acetate (TEOS, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Triethyl phosphate (TEP, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were added sequentially and stirring for 4 h vigorously. The mole (Mol%) ratio of CaO: SiO₂: P₂O₅ was 36:60:4. The white precipitates were obtained, dried at 60 °C for 24 h, and calcinated at 600 °C for 6 h with a heating rate of 1 °C min⁻¹ and then furnace cooled naturally.

Bisphenol-F and aniline-based benzoxazine Araldite MT35700^® (BF-a) was obtained from Huntsman Corporation (Basel, Switzerland), and 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA) from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). p-Aminophenol, p-benzoquinone, ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and vanillin were supplied from Sigma Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was from ABCR (Karlsruhe, Germany), and DOPO was from TCI (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). All chemicals were used without further purification.

For analysis of osteoclast activity, frozen sections of femora isolated from male newborn Cre and hKO mice (7 µm, n = 4 biological replicates per genotype) were stained using the Acid phosphatase, leukocyte (TRAP) Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sections were fixed for 30 s, stained for 2 h at 37 °C, mounted in Kaiser's glycerol gelatin and analyzed by light microscopy (Axiophot fluorescence microscope, Zeiss, Germany). To determine osteoclast numbers, deparaffinized sections (7 µm, n = 4 biological replicates per genotype) were stained for TRAP activity as previously described^{22 (link)}. Briefly, sections were incubated in 50 mM sodium l-tartrate, 0.1 M sodium acetate, 1.6 mM Fast Red Violet LB salt (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), 0.3 mM Naphthol AS-MX phosphate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and 0.5% (v/v) 2-ethoxyethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), pH 5 for 45 min at 37 °C, counterstained with 0.02% (w/v) Fast Green for 30 s, mounted in Kaiser's glycerol gelatin and analyzed by light microscopy (Axiophot fluorescence microscope, Zeiss, Germany). For quantification, the number of multinucleated cells per mm trabecular bone was calculated.

Er₂O₃ (99.9%), Yb₂O₃ (99.9%), Tm₂O₃ (99.9%), Nd₂O₃ (99.9%), tantalum ethoxide (99.98%), 2-ethoxyethanol (99%) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Anhydrous ethanol (≤0.005% H₂O) was obtained from Merck. HCL PA-ACS-ISO (37wt%) were acquired from Panreac.

MBN was synthesized using a modified sol-gel process. Briefly, 3.12 g calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 mL aqueous ammonia (Samchun, Seoul, Korea), 10 mL 2-ethoxyethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 20 mL ethanol (Samchun, Seoul, Korea), and 1 g hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were mixed in 150 mL distilled water. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then, 5 mL tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Subsequently, 0.25 mL triethyl phosphate (TEP; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added and the mixture was vigorously stirred for 4 h at room temperature. A white precipitate was formed and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 24 h. The dried gel powder was calcined at 600 °C for 5 h. The molar ratio of SiO₂:CaO:P₂O₄ was calculated to be 60:36:4.

2-Ethoxyethanol, p-benzoquinone, dimethylacetamide, ethylene carbonate, 2-propanol, phloretic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate, paraformaldehyde, furfurylamine, DOPO, potassium iodide, chloroform and ethyl acetate were supplied from Sigma–Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany) and DOPO from TCI (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). All chemicals were used without further purification.