8400s ft ir spectrophotometer

The infrared spectra were measured using a Shimadzu 8400S FT-IR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The FT-IR spectra were recorded from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹ in spectroscopic-grade CsI with a detector at 2 cm⁻¹ resolution and 20 scans per sample working in transmission mode. The collected FT-IR spectra were compared with the standard spectra of the functional groups.

Chitosan was purchased from sigma Aldrich, sodium periodate was purchased from Analytical Rasayan and starting materials were purchased from Aldrich, Acros, or Fluorochem and were utilized without purification. Reaction progress was monitored by TLC on pre-coated silica gel 60 F₂₄₅aluminium plates with visualization under UV light. Determination of the melting point was carried out using open capillary tubes on a Stuart SMP30 melting point apparatus and was uncorrected. Spectral data of the compounds were carried out in the Micro-analytical labs in the National Research Centre Cairo, Egypt. The NMR spectra was measured on a Bruker Fourier 500 (at 500 MHz & 75 MHz, respectively) at 300 K. FT-IR spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm − 1on (Shimadzu 8400 S) FT-IR Spectrophotometer. The surface morphology was analyzed using (SEM) electron microscope FEI IN SPECTS Company, Philips, Poland, environmental scanning without coating with a JEOL JEM-2100 electron microscope at 100k x magnification and an acceleration voltage of 120 kV. Diano X-ray diffractometer was used for investigating XRD patterns using CuKα radiation source energized at 45 kV and a Philips X-ray diffractometer (PW 1930 generator, PW 1820 goniometer) with CuK radiation source (λ = 0.15418 nm), at a diffraction angle range of 2θ from 5 to 70° in reflection mode.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed on KBr discs of the samples using a Shimadzu 8400 S FT-IR spectrophotometer, and the relevant spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹. X-ray diffractograms were collected for the samples at 25 °C using a Diano X-ray diffractometer (XRD) equipped with a monochromatic Cu Kα radiation source (λ = 0.154 nm, 2θ = 5: 70°) over a scanning time of 5 min. An environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM), Quanta-250 fitted with EDX unit, FEI IN SPECTS Company, Philips, Holland, was used to examine the different samples' morphological aspects without coating.

Liquid chromatogram, coupled with mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization ESI-MS) was used to characterize the degradation metabolites of acephate. To collect the samples from various experiments, we followed the methodology described in our recent report [1 (link)]. In brief, 100 mL of the spent medium was clarified by centrifugation at 5000 rpm, followed by filtration through a Whatman 1 filter paper. The clarified medium was extracted thrice with an equal volume of ethyl acetate. The extracted organic phase was allowed to air dry, and the remaining residue was dissolved in a minimal volume (250 mL) of water, and about 1 µL was taken for mass analysis using a mass spectrophotometer (Waters, Q-TOF Micromass, Manchester, UK). Functional groups of acephate and its decomposed metabolites were identified by applying FTIR analysis. FTIR analysis was performed on a Shimadzu-8400s FTIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) using KBr pellets of the dry mass of technical grade acephate and extracted or decomposed metabolites. The FTIR analysis was performed in the mid-IR region of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ with a 16 scan speed [10 (link),11 (link),12 (link)].