Maya2000

The in situ T% spectra were recorded by using AM1.5G solar simulator (San-EI Electric, XES-40S3) as the illuminant via an optical fiber with a spectrometer (OceanOptics, Maya 2000, VIS-NIR) at the 350–1000 nm range.

Adobe Photoshop CS5 was used to create the coloured test stimuli, which were printed on white printer paper (JK Copier, JK Paper Ltd., India) with an Epson Stylus TX121 printer. The UV-grey (50% UV reflecting grey) was purchased as chart paper (brand unknown, all stimuli came from the same purchased batch). The pale yellow training stimulus was cut out from unsaturated yellowish printer paper (Bond, Bilt Ltd., India). Reflectances of stimuli were measured with a spectrophotometer (Maya 2000, Ocean Optics, USA) using a reflectance probe connected to a pulsed xenon light source (PX-2, Ocean Optics, USA) (Fig. 2). The spectra of test colours have strong peaks and will be therefore colourful to bees, whilst the pale yellow colour has a shallower peak, since it is a much less saturated colour. The UV-grey curve is nearly flat as expected for an achromatic stimulus (e.g. Vorobyev et al. 1999 (link)).Fig. 2

Spectral reflectances of the stimuli used in training and tests. Colour stimuli were designed in Adobe Photoshop (RGB for orange 255/100/0; green 110/187/73; bluish-green 0/255/180; violet 201/1/201; cyan 5/204/246; blue 0/0/255; yellow 246/232/5; lime-yellow 219/244/8)

UV-vis spectra (UV-3101PC spectrometer), fluorescence spectra (PerkinElmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Sigma Probe, Al Kα), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G2 F30) analyses were conducted. Morphology of GQDs was analysed using an atomic force microscope (AFM, SPA400, SII, Japan) in tapping mode under ambient conditions. TEM samples were prepared by drying a droplet of the GQDs suspensions on a carbon grid. Raman spectra were obtained from 1200 to 3000 cm⁻¹ using a Raman spectrometer (LabRAM HR UV/Vis/NIR, excitation at 514 nm). The FT-IR spectrum was measured using a FT-IR-4100 type-A FT-IR spectrometer with pure KBr as the background from 1000 and 3000 cm⁻¹.
The photoluminescence (PL) measurements were carried out using a 325 nm He–Cd continues-wave (CW) laser, a monochromatic light from a 300 W-xenon lamp, and UV spectrometers (Maya2000, Ocean Optics, USA) as a PL detector at room temperature. The PL excitations were measured by monochromatic light from a 300 W xenon lamp and a high-sensitive photomultiplier tube as a PL detector. A mode-locked femto-second pulsed Ti:sapphire laser (Coherent, Chameleon Ultra II) system was used as an excitation source, and the diverse wavelengths of the pulsed Ti:sapphire laser were employed.

Reflectance of green pupae (n = 79) and brown pupae (n = 15) were measured with a spectrophotometer (Maya 2000, Ocean optics, USA) having a reflectance probe connected to a pulse xenon light source (PX-2, Ocean Optics, USA). The probe was placed at 45⁰ in the probe holder to avoid specular reflectance [51 ]. Measurements were taken by placing the pupa against the probe holder. The set-up was re-calibrated after every five pupal readings, with a white standard (Labsphere certified reflectance standard). The SpectraSuite software (Ocean Optics, Inc.) was used to measure reflectance. Reflectance spectra were visualized and plotted using the pavo package [52 ] of R version 3.2.5 [53 ] in the R studio environment [54 ].

The morphology of MoSe₂-mQDs was analyzed using an atomic force microscope (AFM, SPA400, SⅡ, Chiba, Japan) in tapping mode under ambient conditions. UV-Vis spectra (Shimadzu UV-3101PC spectrometer, EVISA, Switzerland), fluorescence spectra (Perkin-Elmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer, Waltham, MA, USA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tiatan cubed G2 60-300, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) analyses were conducted. TEM samples were prepared by drying a droplet of the MoSe₂-mQDs suspensions on a carbon grid. The photoluminescence (PL) measurements were carried out using a 325 nm He-Cd continues-wave (CW) laser, a monochromatic light from a 300 W-xenon lamp, and UV spectrometers (Maya2000, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) as a PL detector at room temperature. The PL excitations were measured by monochromatic light from a 300 W Xenon lamp and a highly sensitive photomultiplier tube as a PL detector. In order to elucidate the recombination dynamics, we carried out time-resolved PL experiments. A mode-locked femto-second pulsed Ti: sapphire laser (Coherent, Chameleon Ultra II, Santa Clara, CA, USA) system was used as an excitation source, and the five wavelengths of the pulsed Ti:sapphire laser (266 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, and 450 nm) were employed. A streak camera (Hamamatsu, Japan, C7700-01) was utilized to measure the decay profile of the PL spectra at room temperature.

Morphology analyses of m-MoS₂-QDs were conducted using AFM (SPA400, SII, Chiba, Japan) under ambient conditions in the tapping mode. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM, Tecnai G2 F30, Hillsboro, OR, USA) was measured after the droplet of the QD suspension was placed on the TEM grid. Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM HR UV/Vis/NIR, excitation at 514 nm, Horiba, Palaiseau, France) was used for the measurement of structural properties of m-MoS₂-QDs. The chemical properties of the m-MoS₂-QDs were measured by XPS (Sigma Probe, AlKα, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Kyoto, Japan) and FT-IR (FT-IR-4100 type-A, JASCO, Portland, OR, USA) spectra. The optical properties of the m-MoS₂-QDs were analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy (Maya2000, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) and fluorescence spectra (Perkin-Elmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer, Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Llantrisant, UK) at room temperature. PL measurements were obtained using a 325 nm He-Cd continuous-wave laser with monochromatic light from a 300 W xenon lamp (Coherent, Chameleon Ultra II, Santa Clara, CA, USA).

First, the films were respectively soaked in insulation culture dishes which were filled with water at a certain temperature (varied from 28 to 42 °C). Then, the reflective spectra of the films at the midpoint were measured by the OceanOptics Maya 2000 fiber optic spectrometer. At last, the color photos and length of the films were recorded by a camera with a length reference object. For the experiment on temperature gradient, the PNcM film was tested only. The film was soaked in 28 °C water and then different volume of 50 °C water was added to one side of the film rapidly. We used the camera to take photos and the infrared thermometer to record the initial temperature. The transient temperature of the other side of the film was calculated.