The silicon substrate with PAM-g-lactose0.11 thin film was placed on the sample stage of DataPhysics OCA35 goniometer, and a water droplet of 3 μL was carefully deposited on the film surface by a precise electric dosing syringe, then surface water contact angle (CA) of PAM-g-lactose0.11 thin film was recorded using the sessile drop method at ambient atmosphere and a constant temperature of 25 °C. Each measurement was repeated 3 times to ensure the reliability of data.
Oca 35 goniometer
Manufactured by Dataphysics
Sourced in Germany
The OCA 35 is a contact angle goniometer manufactured by Dataphysics. It is an instrument used to measure the contact angle between a liquid and a solid surface. The core function of the OCA 35 is to precisely determine the wettability characteristics of a given surface.
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Lab products found in correlation
Su8230, by Hitachi (2 mentions)
Texture analyzer, by Stable Micro Systems (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Toluene, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Rfespa 75, by Bruker (1 mentions)
V 700, by Jasco (1 mentions)
Dsa100, by Krüss (1 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Diiodomethane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
12 protocols using oca 35 goniometer
1
Water Contact Angle of PAM-g-lactose Thin Film
2
Wetting Characteristics of Coatings
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The static water contact angle (WCA) of different samples, including drug-loaded coating prepared using different concentrations of ACS14 and 316 L stainless steel, were measured using an OCA35 goniometer (Dataphysics, Germany) with a fixed droplet volume of 5 μL. For the accuracy of the results, all measurements were repeated at least 5 times with 3 parallel samples.
3
Pullulan Film Hydrophobicity Characterization
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The static contact angle (SCA) measurement, which informs on the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of the sample, was carried out five times per pullulan film sample using a DataPhysics OCA 35 goniometer (Germany) with SCA 20 software. The film (1 cm × 5 cm) was placed on the base of the sample, and 3 μL of Milli-Q water was applied on the film surface using a microsyringe. The static contact angle of the pullulan films was measured at room temperature.
4
Leaf Surface Wettability Measurements
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For the contact angle measurements (before and after application of the surfactant solutions), leaf samples of approximately 1 cm2 were cut from the central area of the leaves and were fixed onto microscope glass slides with double-sided adhesive tape. Each value was obtained after applying a 10 µL droplet of distilled water to the surface. The static contact angle was measured using an OCA 35 goniometer (Dataphysics, Filderstadt, Germany). The droplet shape was recorded with a horizontal CCD camera and was automatically calculated using the Laplace–Young fitting algorithm in the integrated software (SCA 20). Subsequently, the tilt angle was measured using a tilting device (TBU 30). The mean and median values were calculated from n = 10 measurements.
5
Mechanical Characterization of Biomaterial Coatings
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For the mechanical testing, we prepared macroscopic samples from the same mixtures that were used for coating the glass substrates. Approximately 5 g of PDMS 10:1, CY52-276, or PEG-DA 10 was cured in glass vials. The Young’s Modulus, E, of bulk materials was determined through mechanical testing using a texture analyzer (Stable Microsystems) equipped with a cylindrical indenter (2 mm). The force response during indentation was analyzed using MATLAB, accounting for the sample’s thickness (78 (link)). For the work of adhesion tests, we replaced the cylindrical indenter with a polystyrene sphere (diameter, 6.3 mm) and used a water environment by adding DI water to the vial. The maximum pull-off force was used to calculate the work of adhesion. For PEG-DA 10, we were not able to measure the work of adhesion, Wadh, due to the low pull-off force, which was below the resolution limit of the texture analyzer. Therefore, we used a hydrogel literature value for PEG-DA (62 ) (Wadh = 0.001 J/m2). Contact angle measurements were performed on coated glass substrates with a DataPhysics OCA 35 goniometer using slow dosing rates to account for the rate-dependent wettability on compliant materials.
6
Surface Functionalization of AFM Cantilevers
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The cantilever
tip model RFESPA-75
(spring constant of ∼3 N/m, Bruker) was used for all AFM measurements.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were grafted on the cantilever tips
by following the silanization method reported by Cha et al.27 (link) The cantilevers were first cleaned in an oxygen
plasma chamber (Diener Electronic Femto) for 2 min at 48 W power and
then subsequently placed in a solution mixture comprising 2 μL
of 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane (90%, 6–9
PEG units, abcr GmbH, Germany), 8 μL of hydrochloric acid (fuming,
≥37% assay, Sigma-Aldrich), and 10 mL of toluene (≥99.8%,
Fischer Scientific, UK). After 18 h, the cantilevers were cleaned
in an ethanol bath for 10 min to finally obtain PEG-brush-coated hydrophilic
cantilever tips. AFM experiments with the cantilever were subsequently
performed within a few hours post-coating. An identical cleaning and
coating procedure was also performed on a flat silicon wafer. Dynamic
contact angles (DataPhysics OCA 35 goniometer) of glycerol, mineral
oil, and ionic liquid were subsequently measured on the resultant
PEG-brush-coated silicon wafer by observing a 10 μL drop slide
over the wafer tilted by 10°. The measured receding contact angle
values were used for the surface tension calculation by the AFM method,
as described later.
tip model RFESPA-75
(spring constant of ∼3 N/m, Bruker) was used for all AFM measurements.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were grafted on the cantilever tips
by following the silanization method reported by Cha et al.27 (link) The cantilevers were first cleaned in an oxygen
plasma chamber (Diener Electronic Femto) for 2 min at 48 W power and
then subsequently placed in a solution mixture comprising 2 μL
of 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane (90%, 6–9
PEG units, abcr GmbH, Germany), 8 μL of hydrochloric acid (fuming,
≥37% assay, Sigma-Aldrich), and 10 mL of toluene (≥99.8%,
Fischer Scientific, UK). After 18 h, the cantilevers were cleaned
in an ethanol bath for 10 min to finally obtain PEG-brush-coated hydrophilic
cantilever tips. AFM experiments with the cantilever were subsequently
performed within a few hours post-coating. An identical cleaning and
coating procedure was also performed on a flat silicon wafer. Dynamic
contact angles (DataPhysics OCA 35 goniometer) of glycerol, mineral
oil, and ionic liquid were subsequently measured on the resultant
PEG-brush-coated silicon wafer by observing a 10 μL drop slide
over the wafer tilted by 10°. The measured receding contact angle
values were used for the surface tension calculation by the AFM method,
as described later.
7
Surface Characterization via Microscopy
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The surface structures were characterized with both optical (Olympus BX60) and scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi SU8230). All contact angle measurements were performed with a DataPhysics OCA 35 goniometer (three independent measurements each).
8
Surface Wettability Analysis of Mask Layers
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The sessile drop method and the OCA 35 goniometer (Data Physics, Germany) were used to determine the contact angles on the mask layers. The samples were placed on the solid plate of the apparatus under a stainless-steel needle with an inner diameter of 0.16 mm. A 3 μL drop of Milli Q ultrapure water was released automatically from a glass syringe (500 μL, DataPhysics, Germany) at a dispensing rate of 0.50 μL. A droplet was formed on the sample surface and the contact angle was measured using the Laplace-Young equation. For each sample, 8 replicates were performed (8 contact angles were measured on each sample) on both sides.
The contact angles, besides using MilliQ ultrapure water were also performed with Diiodomethane for the PP layer. First, the arithmetic mean values were calculated, along with the Standard Deviations. Additionally, for a spin coated glass cover coated with the model virus phi6, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol and glycerol were also used for surface free energy (SFE) determination. The results were then used by the SCA 21 software program, and by choosing the two mathematical models, i.e., the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kelble (OWRK) model [48] (link), [49] (link) and the Wu model [50] , [51] (link), the total SFE and its corresponding dispersive and polar contributions were presented in the form of data, and also as a point plot diagram.
The contact angles, besides using MilliQ ultrapure water were also performed with Diiodomethane for the PP layer. First, the arithmetic mean values were calculated, along with the Standard Deviations. Additionally, for a spin coated glass cover coated with the model virus phi6, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol and glycerol were also used for surface free energy (SFE) determination. The results were then used by the SCA 21 software program, and by choosing the two mathematical models, i.e., the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kelble (OWRK) model [48] (link), [49] (link) and the Wu model [50] , [51] (link), the total SFE and its corresponding dispersive and polar contributions were presented in the form of data, and also as a point plot diagram.
9
Topographical Characterization and Wettability
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We characterized the topography of the control, plasmonic composite and hierarchical surfaces by means of stylus profilometry (Bruker Dektak XT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Hitachi SU8230). For the SEM micrographs of micropillars (with or without the nanorough coating), we set the acceleration voltage at 1-2 kV and utilized the secondary electron and lower detectors to collect surface and topographic information. For the cross-sectional micrograph, we selected the aforementioned detectors and raised the voltage to 5 kV. We measured all apparent static, advancing and receding contact angles with an OCA 35 goniometer (DataPhysics), with the tilting method and for droplet volumes of 10 μL. These angles were, in the case of the hierarchical plasmonic composite, * θ = 159° ± 3°, * a θ = 167° ± 1° and * r θ = 150° ± 3°, respectively. We carried out transparency, reflectivity and absorption measurements on our surfaces with the help of a V-700 (Jasco) UV-VIS spectrometer with an integrating sphere.
10
Characterizing Superamphiphobic and Liquid-Infused Glass Surfaces
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Flat glass substrates were prepared (uncoated controls, superamphiphobicity, liquid-infused, and liquid-like coatings) based on the above steps. Static contact angles are recorded using the sessile drop method (5 µL of Bitburger Pilsner beer, dispensed at 0.5 µL s−1, Data Physics OCA35 goniometer). Sliding contact angles are typically <10° for both the liquid-infused (silicone oil) and superamphiphobic surfaces. These tests were performed up to a tilt angle of 10°, with a tilt speed of 1° s−1. The contact angles and sliding angles were computed by a commercially available program (SCA). All data were presented as mean ± standard deviations over three measurements. The surface tension of the Bitburger Pilsner beer was measured using the pendant drop technique, using a drop of ca. 4 μL (Krüss DSA100). A needle of an outer diameter 0.285 mm was used. The surface tension of between 43 and 44 mN m−1 was recorded.
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