Sodium chloride (nacl)

1,4-dicyanobenzene, dicyandiamide, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were supplied by Shanghai Titan Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were supplied by Adamas (Shanghai, China). N’N-Dimethylformamide, methanol, ethanol, and acetone were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich and Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals and solvents used for synthesis were purchased from commercial sources and used as received without any further purification.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂, spherical particles, particle size 20~30 nm) and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP, 99%) were supplied by Aladdin, Wallingford, CT, USA. Tetrabutyl titanate (TBT, AR, 98%), acetic acid (CH₃COOH, 99.9%), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES, 97%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, AR, 36~38%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ACS, 97%), sodium chloride (NaCl, AR), and n-hexadecane (RG, 98%) were all supplied by Adamas, Emeryville, CA, USA. Anhydrous ethanol (EtOH, AR, 99.5%) and mineral oil (RG, 99%) were supplied by Greagent, Ringoes, NJ, USA. Soybean oil was supplied by Luhua, Yantai, China.