Hesperidin

The reference standards of gallic acid (1), rutin (6), astragalin (12), and baicalin (15) were purchased from Chinese National Institute of Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Chlorogenic acid (2) was received from Baoji Herbest Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Baoji, China). Caffeic acid (3), galuteolin (9), quercetin (13), and kaempferol (19) were provided by National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Forsythoside B (4), forsythoside I (5), forsythiaside A (8), (+)-phillyrin (16), and (+)-pinoresinol (20) were bought from Liangwei Bio-technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). p-Poumaric acid (7), ferulic acid (10), hesperidin (14), (−)-arctiin (17), luteolin (18), and (+)-phillygenin (21) were offered by Yuanye Bio-technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). (+)-Pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (11) were supplied by Chengdu Chroma-Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The purity of all standards was above 98% through liquid chromatography analysis. Figure S4 shows the chemical structures of the above twenty-one analytes. Merck offered Acetonitrile, Methanol and formic acid of chromatographic grade (Darmstadt, Germany). The deionized water was prepared by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

The standards of narirutin, hesperidin, didymin, lycopene, β-carotene, fructose, glucose and sucrose were acquired from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Phytoene and violaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland) and Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively. ABTS⁺ (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). High performance liquid chromatography purity solvents, including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), methanol and hexane were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Other analytical grade chemicals, such as ethanol, hexane and sodium hydroxide were bought from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

The standards of the chemicals used were of chromatographic grade, (≥98%). For identification purposes, tryptophan, rutin, isofraxidin, kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside, coniferaldehyde, isochlorogenic acid, hesperidin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, P-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, P-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

HPLC-grade n-hexane (ACS, Wilmington, NC, USA), formic acid (Kermel, Tianjin, China) and isopropanol (≥99.9%, HPLC/ACS-grade) for HPLC analysis were purchased from Energy Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade methanol was obtained from Concord Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The chiral flavonoid standards of hesperidin and narirutin (mixture of one pair of epimers) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The peach leaf orange was picked from Longmaxi Village, Quyuan Town, Zigui County (Hubei, China) on 3 September 2019; the Qingzhuan tea (loose tea) was provided by Zigui Yihong Tea Co., Ltd. (Hubei, China)
Folin phenol, ninhydrin, methanol, anhydrous ethanol, anthrone, sulfuric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium carbonate, oxalic acid, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, stannous chloride, Coomassie brilliant blue G250, sodium chloride, and phosphoric acid were all of analytical grade and purchased from China Pharmaceutical (Group) Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). Bovine serum albumin BSA, α-glucosidase, α-glucoside, rutin, limonin, synephrine, hesperidin, and cyclohexanone standard products were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH antioxidant kits were purchased from Suzhou Keming Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, Jiangsu, China). α-amylase activity detection reagent cartridges were purchased from Solarbio Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

SMD, used for gastrointestinal dysmotility in China (approval number: guo-yao-zhun-zi Z20025044; specification: 10 mL/division), was obtained from Hunan Hansen Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Yi Yang, China). HSA was acquired from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), standards, including arecaidine, arecoline, norisoboldine, linderane, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, synephrine, rutin, limonin, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, heohesperidin, poncirin, naringenin, hesperetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and sorbic acid with a purity of over 98%, were purchased from Yuan-ye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol used for HPLC analysis were chromatographic grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).