The PANI/Zn batteries were assembled using PANI film with stainless-steel substrates as the cathode, Zn foil (diameter: 15.6 mm, thickness: 50 μm) as the anode, and Whatman glass fiber as the separator in CR2032 coin cells. A 2 M quantity of Zn (CF3SO3)2 was used as the aqueous electrolyte. All cells were assembled in the ambient environment. The electrochemical performance measurements were performed by a multichannel battery testing system (CT-4008, Neware, Shenzhen, China) with a voltage window of 0.3–1.8 V (vs. Zn2+/Zn) at 20 °C. The specific capacity was calculated based on the mass of PANI in cathode. CV curves were collected on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai, China) within the same voltage window at different scan rates from 0.1 to 1 mV s−1. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were performed in a frequency range of 10−2~105 Hz with an AC voltage amplitude of 5 mV (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai, China).
Chi660
Manufactured by Chenhua
Sourced in China
The CHI660 is a potentiostat/galvanostat instrument used for electrochemical analysis. It is designed to measure and control the potential and current in electrochemical cells. The instrument can perform a variety of electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Lab products found in correlation
S 4800, by Hitachi (2 mentions)
Chi660e, by Chenhua (1 mentions)
Axis ultra dld, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Sirion 200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Uv 3600 plus, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Raman system, by Renishaw (1 mentions)
Glass fiber, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Ct 4008, by Neware (1 mentions)
Omnic 8, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Vertex 70, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Ct 4000, by Neware (1 mentions)
20 protocols using chi660
1
PANI/Zn Coin Cell Battery Characterization
2
Fabrication and Electrochemical Evaluation of Graphite Electrode
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The graphite electrode was fabricated by mixing the graphite powder (Alfa Aesar), Super P conductive carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (weight ratio 90 : 5 : 5) to form a slurry using a moderate amount of N-metnyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The slurry was cast on Cu foil (diameter = 1 cm) which was then transferred to a vacuum oven and dried for 12 hours.
The base electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of solvents such as ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1 : 1, wt%). The control electrolyte was prepared by adding different masses of rhodamine B (Macklin) into the base electrolyte.
2032-type coin cells were assembled by using graphite as the working electrode and Li foil as the counter electrode in an Ar-filled glove box (O2, H2O <1 ppm) and tested on a LAND battery-test instrument (CT2001A). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were conducted on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai) with a three-electrode system at a sweep rate of 0.2 mV s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed over a frequency range of 100 Hz to 0.01 Hz with an amplitude of 5 mV.
The base electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of solvents such as ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1 : 1, wt%). The control electrolyte was prepared by adding different masses of rhodamine B (Macklin) into the base electrolyte.
2032-type coin cells were assembled by using graphite as the working electrode and Li foil as the counter electrode in an Ar-filled glove box (O2, H2O <1 ppm) and tested on a LAND battery-test instrument (CT2001A). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were conducted on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai) with a three-electrode system at a sweep rate of 0.2 mV s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed over a frequency range of 100 Hz to 0.01 Hz with an amplitude of 5 mV.
3
Electrical Conductivity Characterization of Hydrogels
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The top-bottom electrical conductivity of the hydrogels was tested by a four-probe method using a potential state (CHI 660, Chenhua). The schematic illustration of the setup is shown Fig. S1 . The conductivity (κ, S/cm) was calculated according to the equation: where V (V) is the measured voltage, I (A) is the current provided by the potential state, A (cm2) is the cross-section area of the sample, and L (cm) is the distance between the two probes.
Real-time I–t curves were recorded using an electrochemical work station (CHI660E, Chenhua) at a constant voltage of 1 V. The ΔR/R0 of the deformed hydrogels was calculated as follows: where R0 and Rt are the resistances of the original ionic skin and the same ionic skin that is stretched or pressed, respectively.
The strain sensitivity of the sensor was calculated by gauge factor (GF), which was the ratio of relative resistance change (ΔR/R0) to the strain (ε). The value of GF was calculated by the following equation:
Real-time I–t curves were recorded using an electrochemical work station (CHI660E, Chenhua) at a constant voltage of 1 V. The ΔR/R0 of the deformed hydrogels was calculated as follows: where R0 and Rt are the resistances of the original ionic skin and the same ionic skin that is stretched or pressed, respectively.
The strain sensitivity of the sensor was calculated by gauge factor (GF), which was the ratio of relative resistance change (ΔR/R0) to the strain (ε). The value of GF was calculated by the following equation:
4
Electrochemical Deposition of Copper Films
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The electrochemical deposition was carried out on an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660) (Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co., China). X-ray diffraction was performed on a D8 Advance polycrystalline X-ray diffractometer (Bruker-AXS, Germany) using Cu Kα radiation. The X-ray diffraction spectra obtained in the experiment were all separated by Kα1 and Kα2. The morphologies of the copper films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were carried out with an EDAX instrument (Genesis XM2, USA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on an FEI Tecnai F30 TEM transmission electron microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of 300 kV. The valences of copper ion were calculated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, VG 2000) using Al Kα monochromated radiation as the exciting source.
5
Electroreduction of CO2 in MEA
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Electroreduction of CO2 in MEA consisted of two titanium backplates (TA2 grade) with a 4.0 cm2 serpentine flow field, and MEA. Catalyst-deposited GDE (~0.44 mg cm−2 for Cu2O/Ag2.3% NCs) and Ni-foam (0.5 mm thickness) were used, respectively, as cathode and anode. The cathode and anode were pressed onto sides of the anion exchange membrane (Sustainion 37–50, Dioxide Materials). The gap between the electrodes was minimized to reduce ohmic loss. Gaseous CO2 (30 mL min−1) was passed behind the GDL to contact the catalyst, and 0.1 M solution was used as the anolyte which was circulated via pump at 20 mL min−1. CO2RR performance for MEA was evaluated by applying different currents with a current amplifier in the two-electrode system at the CHI660 (Chenhua, Shanghai) electrochemical workstation. Cathodic gas products were vented through a simplified cold–trap to collect permeable liquid prior to gas chromatograph testing. FE values for the liquid products were computed based on the total mass of product collected on anode and cathode.
6
Hierarchical Cu/Ni–Co Electrocatalysts for HER
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The morphologies of the hierarchical structured Cu/Ni–Co were characterized by field emitting scan electronic microscope (FE-SEM, FEI SIRION200) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM 2100F). The elemental composition of the coating was investigated by energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDX, INCA OXFORD). The surface chemical composition was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Kratos AXIS UltraDLD) using a monochromatic Al Kα source (1486.6 eV).
HER on the electrodes was investigated by means of Tafel curves and Galvanostatic curves measured in 1 mol L−1 NaOH solution using an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co. Ltd.) at room temperature. A standard three-electrode system was used with a 1 mol L−1 NaOH Hg/HgO electrode as the reference electrode and a Pt plate as the counter electrode. Galvanostatic responses were recorded at a current density of 0.2 A cm−2 for 24 h.
HER on the electrodes was investigated by means of Tafel curves and Galvanostatic curves measured in 1 mol L−1 NaOH solution using an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co. Ltd.) at room temperature. A standard three-electrode system was used with a 1 mol L−1 NaOH Hg/HgO electrode as the reference electrode and a Pt plate as the counter electrode. Galvanostatic responses were recorded at a current density of 0.2 A cm−2 for 24 h.
7
Characterization of Photocatalytic Materials
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SEM was performed using a Hitachi S4800 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) microscope. UV–vis spectra were recorded using a UV–vis spectrometer (UV-3600 plus, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The photocurrent response and the resistance effect were recorded by an electrochemical station (CHI-660, Shanghai Chenhua, Shanghai, China). Photocatalytic degradation was carried out under a 300 W xenon lamp (CEL-HXF 300, CEAuLight Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) as the visible light source. The Raman spectra were recorded at room temperature on a Raman system (Renishaw inVia, Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK) equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector and a 532 nm laser of 0.05 mW. The spot diameter of the laser was 2 μm. Signal accumulation with an integration time of 10 s was used to collect the spectra for all Raman measurements.
8
Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloys
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Electrochemical and immersion measurements were performed in terms of ASTM-G31-72 in Hank's solution (NaCl 8.0g, KCl 0.4g, CaCl2 0.14g, NaHCO3 0.35g, Glucose 1.0g, MgCl2·6H2O 0.1g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.06g, Na2HPO4·12H2O 0.06g, K2HPO4 0.06g dissolve in 1 L ultrapure water) at 37 °C.
Electrochemical tests were carried out by an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua) with three-electrode system. The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was reference electrode, a platinum electrode and the experimental samples served as the counter electrode and working electrode, respectively. The exposed area of the working electrode to the electrolyte was 1.0 cm2. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were recorded with a scan rate of 1 mV/s from −1.9 to −1.0 V after the stabilization of open circuit potential for 30 min.
Immersion tests were used to characterize the static corrosion behavior. The hydrogen evolution volume was measured as a function of the immersion time. After different immersion intervals, samples were removed from the solution, gently rinsed with distilled water and dried at room temperature. The changes of surface morphologies were characterized by ESEM. The magnesium ion releasing was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (Profile ICP-AES, Leeman Labs). An average of three measurements was taken for each group.
Electrochemical tests were carried out by an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua) with three-electrode system. The saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was reference electrode, a platinum electrode and the experimental samples served as the counter electrode and working electrode, respectively. The exposed area of the working electrode to the electrolyte was 1.0 cm2. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were recorded with a scan rate of 1 mV/s from −1.9 to −1.0 V after the stabilization of open circuit potential for 30 min.
Immersion tests were used to characterize the static corrosion behavior. The hydrogen evolution volume was measured as a function of the immersion time. After different immersion intervals, samples were removed from the solution, gently rinsed with distilled water and dried at room temperature. The changes of surface morphologies were characterized by ESEM. The magnesium ion releasing was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (Profile ICP-AES, Leeman Labs). An average of three measurements was taken for each group.
9
Electrochemical Characterization of Nb6/PPy-RGO
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The Mott–Schottky curves were tested on an AMETEK Princeton Applied Research (Versa STAT 4, Princeton, NJ, USA) electrochemical workstation (FTO = fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate, 1 cm × 1.5 cm). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photocurrent response were recorded on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660, Chenhua, Shanghai, China) equipped with a three-electrode system with a complex/FTO as the working electrode, platinum foil as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode in 0.2 M sodium sulfate solution (Na2SO4). The working electrode complex/FTO was prepared by dropwise adding 50 μL of sample suspensions containing Nb6/PPy-RGO composites (3.0 mg), ethanol (1.0 mL), and nafion (20 μL) onto a FTO substrate (1 cm × 1.5 cm).
10
Photocurrent Measurement under Visible Light
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Photocurrent under visible light was measured with a standard three electrode system on an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660, ChenHua, Shanghai, China). Ag/AgCl and Pt plate were used as reference electrode and counter electrode, respectively, in Na2SO4 solution (0.5 mol/L) as electrolyte. The working electrode was made by depositing photoctalyst on the FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) substrate (Beijing, China).
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