Sonata 1.5t

Diffusion and structural MRIs were obtained on a GE Signa Excite HDx or Lx 1.5T (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI); Siemens Avanto or Sonata 1.5T (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany); or Siemens Trio, Allegra, or Verio 3T MRI system. Standard anatomical MRI consisted of pre- and postcontrast (gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid at a dose of 0.1 mmoL/kg body weight; Magnevist, Bayer Schering Pharma, Leverkusen, Germany) axial T1-weighted images along with precontrast axial T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences with standard sequence parameters. Patients also received diffusion-weighted images with an echo/repetition time = 80 to 120 ms/>5000 ms, matrix size = 128 × 128, slice thickness = 3 mm with no interslice gap, and b values of 0 and 1000 s/mm² in 3 orthogonal directions. ADC maps were calculated for each image voxel as ADC(x, y, z) = −1/1000 · ln[S(x, y, z)/S₀(x, y, z)], where S(x, y, z) is the signal intensity of the voxel at coordinate (x, y, z) with b = 1000 s/mm² and S₀(x, y, z) is the signal intensity at voxel (x, y, z) with b = 0 s/mm².

For technical reasons, we recorded neuronal activity in the monkey positioned to the left of the other one. Single-neuron activity in the LPFC was recorded extracellularly using tungsten electrodes (2.0–8.0 MΩ, FHC, Bowdoinham, ME). An electrode was advanced with a hydraulic microdrive (MO-95C, Narishige, Tokyo, Japan) through a stainless steel guide tube. Neuronal activities were converted into pulses using a spike waveform detector (Multispike Detector, Alpha Omega Engineering, Nazareth, Israel). We recorded activity in the right hemisphere of monkey S and in both hemispheres of monkey H while they were playing the games. Monkey P was always the competitor for monkeys H and S, which never competed against each other because both of them were trained with the same turret color (white). The recording area covered both the dorsal and ventral banks of the principal sulcus (Figure 8A), and was determined in reference to magnetic resonance images (whole-brain coverage, slice thickness 2 mm, Siemens, Sonata 1.5T).
We monitored the eye position of monkeys H and S with an infrared eye-camera system (sampling rate, 4 ms; R-22C-1, ISEYO Electronic, Tokyo, Japan), but did not restrict or control their eye movements.

All the PC patients during hospitalization had at least one chest CT scan. Brain CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on those patients with CNS symptoms. Routine CT scans were performed on a series of CT systems (Somatom Sensation 16, Siemens Medical Systems, Forchheim, Germany; Aquilion 64, Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan; Brilliance 16, Philips Medical Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Consecutive 2 to 5 mm thick sections were fetched from the lung apex throughout the base for chest CT scan. Thick section for brain CT scan is 5 mm. Window settings used for browsing lung parenchyma were at width 1400–1600 Hu, level − 550 to − 600 Hu; corresponding values for soft tissues were at width 400 Hu, level 40 Hu. Window settings used for browsing brain were at width 80 Hu, level 40 Hu. MRI was performed on Sonata 1.5T, Siemens Medical Systems, Forchheim, Germany. Brain MRI has a series of scanning sequences including T2WI, T1WI, DWI and T2WI FLAIR.