1 3 phenylenediamine mpd

Polyethersulfone (PES) in pellet form (Solvay Specialty Polymers), N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (purity >99.5%, RCl-Labscan) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30, Sigma-Aldrich) as additive were used for fabrication of membrane substrate. 1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) purchased from Sigma Aldrich were used to form a PA layer on top of the PES substrate. To synthesize zwitterion properties polymer, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, 95%), 2-bromoisobutyrate bromide, diisobutylaluminium hydride (1.0 M in toluene), ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%), 1,3-propanesultone (99%), dipyridyl (Bpy, AR), 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (98%), copper(I) bromide (CuBr, 99%) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMImCl) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Diethyl ether was purchased from RCl-Labscan. Sodium chloride (NaCl, Merck) was used as test solute for membrane flux and rejection determination. The feed solution containing the respective test solute was prepared by dissolving the solute in deionized (DI) water.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, MW = 450,000 g mol⁻¹, Kynar Powerflex®LBG, Arkema Inc., Canterbury, VIC, Australia) was used as the membrane support polymer in this study. Acetone (99.8%, Chem-Supply, Gillman, SA, Australia) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Sydney, NSW, Australia) were used as solvents. Branched polyethylenimine (PEI, M_w = 750,000 g mol⁻¹, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louise, MO, USA), poly-(acrylic acid) (PAA, M_w = 100,000 g mol⁻¹, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louise, MO, USA) were used as the electrolytes. 1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (trimesoyl chloride, TMC, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Australia) were used as the precursors for IP. For the water flux test, sodium chloride (NaCl, Chem-Supply, Australia) was used as solute for the draw solution. 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louise, MO, USA) was used for membrane wetting. All chemicals were used as received.

1,3 phenylenediamine (MPD) and ssodium hypochlorite were purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). 1,3,5-Benzentricarboxylic acid chloride (TMC) was acquired from Acros (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). N-hexane and sodium alginate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane (PS-20 UF) from SEPRO Membranes (Carlsbad, CA, USA) with a molecular weight cut-off of 20 kDa was used as a commercial substrate for the preparation of TFC membranes. For comparitive purposes, two commercial RO PA TFC membranes from GE Osmonics (Delfgauw, The Netherlands) and Dow SW30HR were used in this work.