Uv cary100 spectrophotometer

The instruments used for material characterization are transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEM-2100, Jeol, Japan) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (FI-IR, VERTEX 70, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). The luminescence spectra were measured on a Varian CARY Eclipse fluorescence spectrometer. UV-vis absorption spectra were determined on a Varian UV-Cary100 spectrophotometer. Ultrapure water was prepared by using Reverse Osmosis Technology Specialist (Aquapro, ABY-1002-U, Hamilton, OH, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (ThermoFisher, ESCALAB 250Xi) using monochromatic Al Kα radiation (hν = 1486.6 eV), operating at an accelerating power of 150 W. All the powder samples were compacted into 1 cm × 1 cm sheets before XPS test and sputter-etching performed by Ar⁺ ions was employed. The binding energies in the XPS spectra were calibrated against the adventitious carbon C (1s) singlet (284.84 eV).

UV-Vis absorption spectra were measured on a Varian UV-Cary100 spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Infrared spectrum (IR) was determined on a Pristige IR21 FTIR spectrometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). FL spectra were performed on a FluoroMax-P spectrophotometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon, Paris, France). Images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were collected by a Tecnai G2 F20 TEM characterization (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were measured on a ESCALAB 250Xi (Thermo fisher Scientific, West Sussex, UK). The lifetime measurements were determined on an Edinburgh fls1000 FL spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments Ltd, Livingston, UK). The absolute quantum yields were determined using an integrating sphere on a Japan Hamamatsu Quantum Yield Determination System C9920-02G (Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu, Japan).