Blood gas analysis, including [Na+], [K+], [Cl−], and hematocrit (ABL 80 Flex, Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark), was carried out directly after blood sampling before and after administration of experimental diets. Plasma d - and l -lactate concentrations were also measured before and after feeding, and samples in vials containing sodium fluoride were analyzed enzymatically using d - and l -lactate dehydrogenase. After centrifugation (2,000 × g, 10 min), plasma samples were frozen (−20°C) until measurement of total plasma protein (Hitachi 912, Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany; biuret method) and osmolality (Osmometer K-7400, Knauer, Berlin, Germany; freezing point depression method). The calculated change in plasma volume after feeding was assessed from the plasma protein concentration before feeding (Pt=0 ) and plasma protein concentration after feeding (Pt=x ) = (Pt=0 − Pt=x) × 100/Pt=x (Van Beaumont et al., 1972 (link)). Based on the concentrations of total protein in plasma and electrolytes in blood, acid total [Atot ] (mmol/L) = 0.343 (mmol/g) × plasma protein concentration (g/L) and [SID3] were calculated (Constable et al., 2005b (link)).
Osmometer k 7400
Manufactured by Knauer
Sourced in Germany
The Osmometer K-7400 is a device used to measure the osmolality of a liquid sample. It determines the osmotic concentration of a solution by analyzing the freezing point depression of the sample.
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2 protocols using osmometer k 7400
1
Blood Gas Analysis and Lactate Measurements
2
Characterization of Ionic Liquids
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The structure analyses of the prepared ILs were performed by 1H NMR spectroscopy (MR400 DD2 NMR, Agilent Technologies, Inc.) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (Nicolet iS20, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The density of the IL was determined by calculating the ratio of its mass to its volume four or more times. To analyze the melting temperatures of the prepared ILs which are liquid at 25 ± 1 °C, a Q-10 (TA Instruments, Inc.) equipped with RCS40 (TA Instruments, Inc) was employed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under a nitrogen atmosphere at the cooling rate and heating rate of 1 °C min−1 in the temperature range from −90 to 50 °C. The viscosity of the ILs was measured at 85 s−1 shear rate using a DV-III programmable rheometer (Brookfield) with rotating a metallic spindle. The conductivities of the IL aqueous solutions were measured using a conductivity meter (Seven2CO pro, METTLER TOLEDO). The osmolalities of the IL aqueous solutions were determined using an osmometer (SEMI-MICRO OSMOMETER K-7400, KNAUER). The phase transition temperatures of the IL aqueous solutions were determined using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer (EMC-11D-V, EMCLAB Instruments GmbH) and a temperature controller (TC200P, Misung Scientific Co., Ltd).
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