Ethanol

HA (Ophthalmic grade, 800–1000 kDa, Bioiberica, Barcelona, Spain) and Ch with a degree of deacetylation of 90% (Medical grade, M_w: 200–500 kDa, Altakitin SA, Lisboa, Portugal) were used as received. Methacrylic anhydride (MA), poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA, M_n: 8000 Da) and the photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as received. G₁Phy was prepared as previously described by Ana Mora-Boza et al. [24 (link)], using phytic acid and glycerol from Sigma Aldrich. Solvents as isopropanol (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain) and ethanol (BDH Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA, USA) were used as received. Dialysis membranes (3500 Da cut off) were purchased from Spectrum^® (Columbia, MO, USA). Additional reagents such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), calcium chloride, nitric acid 65% (v/v), acetic acid (AA) and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation (Waltham, MA, USA). Tris hydrochloride, 1 M solution (pH 7.5/Mol. Biol.) was purchase from Fisher BioReagents (Waltham, MA, USA).

α‐glucosidase from rats’ intestine, porcine pancreatic α‐amylase, pepsin, p‐nitrophenyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside and starch were sourced from (Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA). 1,10‐phenanthroline, 1,1‐diphenyl–2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, deoxyribose, thiobarbituric acid, Tris,3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, gallic, caffeic, and chlorogenic acids were bought from Sigma‐Aldrich, Inc., St Louis, MO. Other chemicals such as aluminum chloride, potassium ferricyanide, sulfuric acid, methanol, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, Iron (II) sulfate, potassium acetate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ferric chloride sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, phenol solution, hydrochloric, perchloric, and acetic acids were sourced from (BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, UK).

All chemicals used were of analytical grade which include Naproxen Sodium (Divi’s Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad, India), Eugenol and Tween-80 (Sigma-Aldrich Chimie S.a.r.l, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France), Propylene glycol (Dongying HI-Tech Spring Chemicals, Shandong, China), Ethanol (BDH laboratory supplies, Poole, UK), Liquid paraffin (Al-Noor petroleum, Sindh, Pakistan), Carbopol 934 (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany), Sepineo-P600 (Alternative Chemica (Pvt.) Ltd., Punjab, Pakistan), MEthanol (Chem-Lab Analytical bvba, Zedelgem, Belgium), Carrageenan (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Voltral^® (GSK, Karachi, Pakistan).

Analytical grade chemicals were employed for the study and included ethanol (BDH chemicals, London, UK); acetic anhydride (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA); sodium hydroxide (Kermel, China); citric acid (BDH chemicals, UK); hydrochloric acid (Griffin and George, UK); sulfuric acid (BDH chemicals, UK); hydrogen peroxide (BDH chemicals, UK); sodium sulphate (BDH chemicals, UK); and ammonium hydroxide (Griffin and George, London, UK). Glycerol (BDH chemicals, UK) was used as the plasticizer for the study.