Gamma counter

Manufactured by PerkinElmer

Sourced in United States

The Gamma counter is a laboratory instrument used to measure the radioactivity of samples. It detects and quantifies gamma radiation emitted by radioactive isotopes present in the samples.

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Close spelling variants of this product

WIZARD2 Automatic Gamma Counter (39 citations) 2470 WIZARD2 Automatic Gamma Counter (31 citations) Wizard 2480 Gamma Counter (24 citations) Wallac 1470 Wizard gamma counter (23 citations) Wallac Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter (18 citations) Automated gamma counter (18 citations) Wizard 1470 Automatic Gamma Counter (13 citations) Automatic gamma counter (13 citations) Wallac Wizard Gamma counter (6 citations) Cobra II gamma counter (4 citations)

217 protocols using gamma counter

Stability and PET Imaging of 64Cu-PEG-Ce6 Nanomicelles

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To demonstrate the stability of ⁶⁴Cu-PEG-Ce 6 nanomicelles, 20 μL of 1 mM 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) was added to 250 μL of ⁶⁴Cu-PEG-Ce 6 nanomicelles (~300 μCi) in complete mouse serum (pH = 7) at 37 °C under constant shaking (550 rpm) for 48 h. At each time point, 25 μL of the mixture was taken out and resuspended in 100 μL of NaOAc buffer. A 300-kDa filter was used to separate potential ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA from ⁶⁴Cu-PEG-Ce 6 nanomicelles. The radioactivity of ⁶⁴Cu-NOTA and ⁶⁴Cu-PEG-Ce 6 nanomicelles was measured using a gamma counter (PerkinElmer).
For PET imaging, 4T1 tumor-bearing mice (3 mice per group) post i.v injection of ~10 MBq of ⁶⁴Cu-PEG-Ce 6 nanomicelles solution were imaged using a microPET/microCT Inveon rodent model scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.). Data acquisition, image reconstruction, and ROI analysis of the PET data were performed as described previously.^{52 (link)} After the PET scans at 24 h and 48 h p.i., ex vivo biodistribution studies were carried out to ensure the %ID/g values determined by PET imaging truly represented the radioactivity distribution in tumor-bearing mice. Mice were euthanized, and blood, tumor, and major organs/tissues were collected and wet-weighed. The radioactivity in the tissue was measured using a gamma-counter (PerkinElmer, USA) and presented as %ID/g (mean ±SD).

Cheng L., Kamkaew A., Sun H., Jiang D., Valdovinos H.F., Gong H., England C.G., Goel S., Barnhart T.E, & Cai W. (2016). Dual-Modality Positron Emission Tomography/Optical Image-Guided Photodynamic Cancer Therapy with Chlorin e6-Containing Nanomicelles. ACS nano, 10(8), 7721-7730.

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Determination of Partition Coefficient and Serum Stability for [111In]In-13

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For the determination of the partition coefficient, ~0.4 MBq of [ 111 In]In-13 in saline (20 µL) was added to a pre-saturated mixture of phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS) (480 µL) and n-octanol (500 µL). Samples were shaken for 1 h at r.t. For separation, the samples were centrifuged at 21,100 g for 5 min. From each phase, 50 were transferred into counting tubes, and samples were counted using a Perkin Elmer gamma counter. The experiment was performed in triplicate. Serum stability measurements 0.5-1 MBq (50 µL) of [ 111 In]In-13 were added to human serum (1 mL, human male AB plasma, Sigma-Aldrich), which was pre-equilibrated at 37 °C in a cell incubator for 1 h. Samples were vortexed and stored at 37 °C. At selected time points, 100 µL aliquots were taken and serum proteins were removed by centrifugation (4,000 g for 5 min at 4 °C) using molecular weight cutoff filter tubes (30 kDa). The filter was then washed twice with 100 µL PBS with additional centrifugation steps. For determination of protein bound fraction, the filters and the filtrates were transferred into counting tubes, and samples were measured using a Perkin Elmer gamma counter.
A sample of the filtrate was kept on ice until HPLC analysis. The percentage of intact 111 In-13 was calculated from the HPLC chromatograms. The experiment was performed in triplicate.

Weinmann C., Holland J.P., Läppchen T., Scherer H., Maus S., Stemler T., Bohnenberger H., Ezziddin S., Kurz P, & Bartholomä M.D. (2018). Optimized synthesis and indium complex formation with the bifunctional chelator NODIA-Me. Organic & biomolecular chemistry, 16(40).

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Chromium-51 release assay for NK cytotoxicity

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K562 cells are labeled with radioactive (150 μCi, 5.55 MBq) sodium chromate (20 µl/condition, 5 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer) for 1 h. After incubation, cells are washed two times and incubated for an additional 30 min to reduce spontaneous chromium release. Labeled cells are then plated at a density of 5000 cells/well in 100 µl cRPMI in a 96-well U-bottom plate. Fresh expanded or cryopreserved NK cells are added at NK-to-target cell ratios of 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, and 2.5:1 to give a final volume of 200 μl per well. After 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 h of incubation, 100 μl supernatant is mixed with 100 μl scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer) in a 96-well sample plate (Perkin Elmer). Release of radioactive chromium-51 is measured using a gamma-counter (Perkin Elmer), and the fraction of lysed target cells is calculated as the ratio of (experimental release − spontaneous release)/(maximum release − spontaneous release). Spontaneous release is measured from 5000 labeled K562 cells without addition of NK cells, and maximum release is measured from 5000 labeled K562 cells that are lysed with 100 µl 1% Nonidet P-40 (Sigma). All experiments are performed in triplicates.

Mark C., Czerwinski T., Roessner S., Mainka A., Hörsch F., Heublein L., Winterl A., Sanokowski S., Richter S., Bauer N., Angelini T.E., Schuler G., Fabry B, & Voskens C.J. (2020). Cryopreservation impairs 3-D migration and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Nature Communications, 11, 5224.

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Zr-trastuzumab Binding Assay

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Binding of ⁸⁹Zr-trastuzumab was evaluated in all three cell lines. Wells were seeded with 10,000 cells and incubated overnight. After incubation, radiolabeled protein (1 μCi/mL, 37 kBq/mL, 0.25 μg) in 1 mL of medium was added to each well with or without 10-fold excess unlabeled trastuzumab (1 μg). The plates were incubated at 4 °C for 1 h. Following the incubation period, the medium was collected and the cells were rinsed with 1 mL 1 × PBS twice. The cells were then lysed with 1 mL 1 M NaOH. All washes (medium including PBS and alkaline wash) were collected in separate tubes and measured for counts using a gamma counter (Perkin Elmer). The percentage of bound activity was calculated as the ratio of the activity of the lysate and the total activity collected from the medium plus PBS, and base washes, and was normalized to cell count using a Countess II Automated Cell Counter (Thermo Fisher).

McKnight B.N, & Viola-Villegas N.T. (2018). Monitoring Src status after dasatinib treatment in HER2+ breast cancer with 89Zr-trastuzumab PET imaging. Breast Cancer Research : BCR, 20, 130.

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Purification and Quantification of Torpedo Acetylcholine Receptor

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TAChR was purified from Torpedo californica electric organ tissue (Aquatic Research Consultants), according to (17 (link)). Briefly, the electric tissue was homogenized in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% NaN₃, 0.01 mM PMSF, pH 7.8 for 3 min, and then centrifuged for 1 h at 100,000 × g at 4°C. Pellet was resuspended in ice-cold water and the pH adjusted to 11.0 with NaOH; membranes were centrifuged for 30 min at 100,000 × g at 4°C. AChR-containing membranes were homogenized for 2 min and the receptor solubilized with 2% sodium deoxycholate, overnight at 4°C. The detergent was removed by progressive dialysis, and TAChR stored at −80°C. TAChR concentration was quantified by the standard radioimmunoprecipitation protocol with [¹²⁵I]-α bungarotoxin (αBTX) (PerkinElmer), according to Lindstrom et al. (18 (link)). [¹²⁵I]-αBTX in samples was determined by a gamma counter (PerkinElmer). To evaluate the aspecific binding, serum samples were pre-incubated with an excess of unlabelled αBTX and counts per minutes (cpm) were subtracted from test samples. The specific activity of TAChR preparation used to induce EAMG was 1.19 nmol/mg, expressed as the α-BTX binding sites/mg of total protein content (micro BCA assay).

Rinaldi E., Consonni A., Cordiglieri C., Sacco G., Crasà C., Fontana A., Morelli L., Elli M., Mantegazza R, & Baggi F. (2019). Therapeutic Effect of Bifidobacterium Administration on Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Lewis Rats. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 2949.

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Biodistribution of Radiolabeled Compounds in Rats

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The biodistribution studies were done with 15 rats (Wistar) (Figure 1). The final averages were used to construct the graphics. The Institutional Review Board and the Animal Ethics Committee approved the study protocol. The labeled samples (3.7 MBq/0.2 mL) were administered by intraocular injection. Counts were acquired for 5 min in a 15% window centered at 140 KeV after 1 h of the injection. The animals were sacrificed and their organs removed and weighed, and the radioactivity uptake is counted in a gamma counter (Perkin Elmer). Results were expressed as a percentage of injected dose (activity) per gram of tissue [21 (link)].

Machado D.E., Perini J.A., Orlando M.M, & Santos-Oliveira R. (2015). Developing a Noninvasive Procedure Using Labeled Monoclonal Antibody Anti-VEGF (Bevacizumab) for Detection of Endometriosis. BioMed Research International, 2015, 751460.

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Biodistribution Validation of PET Imaging

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After the last PET scans at 24 h p.i., biodistribution studies were carried out to confirm that the % ID/g values based on PET imaging truly represented the radioactivity distribution in tumor-bearing mice. Mice were euthanized, and blood, 4T1 tumor, and major organs/tissues were collected and wet-weighed. The radioactivity in the tissue was measured using a gamma-counter (PerkinElmer) and presented as % ID/g (mean ± SD).

Chen F., Hong H., Goel S., Graves S.A., Orbay H., Ehlerding E.B., Shi S., Theuer C.P., Nickles R.J, & Cai W. (2015). In Vivo Tumor Vasculature Targeting of CuS@MSN Based Theranostic Nanomedicine. ACS Nano, 9(4), 3926-3934.

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Biodistribution of 64Cu-Amatuximab Conjugate

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For the BD studies, ⁶⁴Cu-labeled amatuximab conjugate with 1.6 NOTA molecules per amatuximab was used. Groups (n = 5 mice/group) of mice were injected intravenously with ⁶⁴Cu-labeled amatuximab conjugate mixed with unlabeled amatuximab (2, 30, 60 μg total) in 0.2 mL PBS containing 1% BSA when the tumor sizes were approximately 200 mm³ (range, 80~300 mm³). The unlabeled amatuximab was co-injected to block shed-mesothelin in the blood. The animals were euthanized at 3, 24, and 48 h by CO₂ inhalation and exsanguinated by cardiac puncture before dissection. Blood and various organs were removed and weighed, and their decay corrected radioactivity counts were measured with a gamma-counter (Wallac, Inc., Perkin-Elmer, Inc., Boston, MA). The percentage of injected dose per gram (% ID/g) of the blood or each organ was calculated and normalized to a 20-gram mouse. All animal experiments were performed under a protocol approved by the NIH Animal Care and Use Committee.

Lee J.H., Kim H., Yao Z., Lee S.J., Szajek L.P., Grasso L., Pastan I, & Paik C.H. (2015). Tumor and organ uptake of 64Cu-labeled MORAb-009 (amatuximab), an anti-mesothelin antibody, by PET Imaging and biodistribution studies. Nuclear medicine and biology, 42(11), 880-886.

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Biodistribution of PEGylated Radiolabeled Liposomes

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PEGylated liposomes containing ¹¹¹In‐DTPA (400–600 kBq/2 μmol phospholipids per 200 μL saline) were injected i.v. into tumor‐bearing nude mice. After injection, we obtained blood, tumors and other major organs, and measured radioactivities of these specimens by gamma counter (PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA) at the indicated time points.

Ito K., Hamamichi S., Abe T., Akagi T., Shirota H., Kawano S., Asano M., Asano O., Yokoi A., Matsui J., Umeda I.O, & Fujii H. (2017). Antitumor effects of eribulin depend on modulation of the tumor microenvironment by vascular remodeling in mouse models. Cancer Science, 108(11), 2273-2280.

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PET/CT Imaging of Tumor-Targeting scFv

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Animals were injected intravenously with 20 µg scFv_GPIIb/IIIa-⁶⁴Cu or scFv_mut-⁶⁴Cu. Tracer was allowed to circulate for two hours. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg; Parnell Laboratories) and xylazine (10 mg/kg; Troy Laboratories) and placed in the PET/CT scanner supplied with continuous O₂ and 2% isofluorane. PET/CT imaging was performed using a NanoPET/CT in vivo Preclinical Imager (Mediso) with a 30 min PET acquisition time, and coincidence mode of 1:3. This was followed by a CT scan with the following parameters (X-ray voltage = 55 kVp, Exposure time = 1100 ms and Pitch= 0.5). A total projection of 240 projects over 360° of rotation was acquired. Projected data were rebinned by 1:4 and reconstructed using a Ramlak filter.
Following the CT scans, animals were killed, perfused with PBS and tumours and muscle sections were removed and weighed. The radioactivities of each organ including tumours were measured using a gamma counter (Perkin Elmer). Tumour uptake was then calculated as percentage injected dose/gram (% ID/g) of tumour over muscle signals.

Yap M.L., McFadyen J.D., Wang X., Zia N.A., Hohmann J.D., Ziegler M., Yao Y., Pham A., Harris M., Donnelly P.S., Hogarth P.M., Pietersz G.A., Lim B, & Peter K. (2017). Targeting Activated Platelets: A Unique and Potentially Universal Approach for Cancer Imaging. Theranostics, 7(10), 2565-2574.

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