930 compact ic flex

A 930 Compact IC Flex, from Metrohm (Madrid, Spain), with a Metrosep Organic Acids column of 9 µm particle size and 250 × 7.8 mm (i.d.) [8 (link)], was employed to analyze citric, lactic, malic, succinic, and tartaric acids (mg/L). The software application used for data acquisition and processing was MagicNet 3.3 (Metrohm, Madrid, Spain). The compounds were identified via a comparison of their retention time against the standard used.

TOC was measured using a total organic carbon analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-L CSH, Kyoto, Japan). Nitrate and Phosphate were measured by ion chromatography (Metrohm 930 Compact IC Flex with column Metrosep A SUPP 7, Herisau, Switzerland). Ammonium was measured with Hach Lange kits (LCK 304, Hach, Loveland, Colorado, USA). Methylene blue was measured with a spectrophotometer (Hach, DR 3800) at 668 nm.

Samples were analysed for total COD, sCOD, total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphate (PO₄-P), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium nitrogen (NH_4—N) using colometric assays (Hach-Lange, Germany, LCK 014, 114, 303, 304, 338, 349, 350). Soluble COD (sCOD), NH_4—N and PO₄-P were measured after filtration at 0.45 µm (Nanoclor Chromafil membranefilter GF/PET 0.45 µm, Macherey Nagel, Germany). Particulate COD (pCOD) was calculated by subtracting the measured sCOD from the measured total COD. VFAs were measured after filtration at 0.45 µm via ion chromatography (930 Compact IC Flex, Metrohm, Switzerland) using Metrosep Organic Acids 250/7.8 and Guard 4/6 columns (both Metrohm, Switzerland).

Lignocellulose content in bamboo was measured following the Van Soest method (Van Soest, 1963 (link)); TS and VS according Standard Method 2540G (APHA, 1992 ); and the pH using a pH probe (Herisau, Metrohm, Switzerland). Gas composition was analyzed with a Compact GC (Global Analyser Solutions, Breda, Netherlands), equipped with a Molsieve 5Å pre-column and two channels. Lactic and formic acid were determined with a 930 Compact IC Flex (Metrohm, Switzerland) ion chromatography (IC) system with inline bicarbonate removal (MCS), equipped with a guard column cartridge (Metrosep Dual 4/4.6, Metrhom) and an organic acid column (Metrosep 250/7.8, Metrohm) with a 850 IC conductivity detector. Alcohols including glycerol and ethanol were determined with the same IC equipped with a guard column cartridge (Metrosep Trap 1 100/4.0, Metrohm) and a Metrosep Carb 2 250/4.0 column (Metrohm) with an IC amperometric detector (see Supplementary Information).

The photocatalytic activity of the prepared catalysts was assessed via pH measurements, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. TOC analysis was performed using the Multi N/C 3100 instrument by Analytik Jena AG (Germany).
The 4-tert-butylphenol in the solution was quantified by HPLC Agilent 1290 Infinity II system.
The concentrations of acetic and formic acid in final solutions were determined using ion chromatography (IC) (930 Compact IC Flex supplied by Metrohm).
The iron content in the solution was determined using the atomic absorption spectrometer AAnalyst 400 from Perkin Elmer.
Prior to TOC and AAS analyses, all aqueous samples were filtered using Agilent Captiva premium syringe filters with a 0.45 µm regenerated cellulose (RC) membrane. For HPLC and IC analyses, the catalysts were separated from the solution by filtration through RC membranes with a pore size of 0.2 μm (Agilent Captiva premium syringe filters).
The removal efficiency was calculated according to Eq. (24): $$Removalefficiency(\%)=\left(1-\frac{C_t}{C_o}\right)\times 100$$ where C_t is the concentration after time t and C_o is the initial concentration.

Since characterization of phototrophic biofilms on agar plates is challenging, D. muscorum was characterized in shaking flasks using medium with (BG‐11) and without nitrogen (BG‐11‐0). 24 shaking flasks (300 mL without baffles) were inoculated with 0.1 g cell wet weight (CWW) and 50 mL of medium. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, and 14 days three shaking flasks were picked, cell dry weight (CDW) was determined and EPS, phycobiliproteins and pigments were extracted and analyzed according to the combined extraction strategy described by Strieth and Stiefelmaier et al. [36]. Additionally, components of the medium were quantified by compact ion exchange chromatography with inline system for dialysis (930 Compact IC Flex, Metrohm, Filderstadt, Germany) with a conductivity detector over the cultivation period. Anions (chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate) were measured with an anion column (Metrosep A Supp 5–250/4.0, Metrohm) using 1 mM NHCO₃ and 3.2 mM NA₂CO₃ as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min⁻¹. Cations (ammonium, magnesium, sodium, potassium) were measured with a cation column (Metrosep C6‐250/4.0, Metrohm) using 4 mM nitric acid and 0.7 mM dipicolin acid at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min⁻¹. In both cases, the oven temperature was set to 35°C

TRS were measured by the dinitrosalicylic acid method (DNS) adapted to a microplate (Gonçalves et al. 2010 (link)) by using a microplate reader type Epoch® 12. Monosaccharides were measured by ion chromatography (Metrohm 930 Compact IC Flex) with a pulsed amperometric detector with a gold electrode. Elution was carried out in isocratic at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate with 300 mM NaOH and 1 mM NaOAc. Separation was achieved on a Metrosep Carb 2- 150/4.0 column (Metrohm).
Fucose was measured by an enzymatic kit (K-fucose 05/20) from Megazyme® adapted to a microplate. By this kit, L-fucose is oxidised by the enzyme L-fucose dehydrogenase in the presence of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to L-fucono-1,5-lactone with the formation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (Morris 1988 ).