Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on anesthetized mice (1–3% isoflurane and 1 Lpm oxygenated room air) by using a Vevo 2100 high-resolution system (Visualsonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) and a 40-MHz MS-550D transducer. Two-dimensional B-mode tracings were recorded in both parasternal long and short axis views at the level of the papillary muscles and the pulmonary artery (PA), respectively, followed by one-dimensional M-mode tracings in both axes at the papillary level or pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler measurement of the peak flow in the PA. The right ventricle was recorded in B- and M-mode in a modified parasternal long axis view with an adjusted angle focussing the RV. Data were analysed offline using VevoLab 3.2.6 and the integrated cardiac measurement package. Ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole was used to characterize RV and LV microanatomy while the change of right- or left-ventricular diameter length, respectively, from end-diastole to end-systole was used to judge contractility and calculate RV or LV fractional shortening (FS). Pulmonary artery hypertension was correlated as previously described utilizing the ratio of pulmonary artery acceleration over ejection time in the PW diagram [19 (link)]. Cardiac output was monitored using the integral of PA flow, PA diameter, and heart rate. Three consecutive cardiac cycles were used for every analysis.
40 mhz ms 550d transducer
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada
The 40-MHz MS-550D transducer is a high-frequency ultrasound transducer designed for specialized imaging applications. It operates at a frequency of 40 MHz, which allows for detailed visualization of small anatomical structures. The core function of this transducer is to transmit and receive high-frequency sound waves, which can be used to generate high-resolution images for various research and clinical purposes.
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4 protocols using 40 mhz ms 550d transducer
1
Echocardiographic evaluation of murine cardiac function
2
Aortic Aneurysm Diameter Measurement
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Twenty eight days after implantation of osmotic mini pumps, mice were anesthetized with sevoflurane. Luminal diameter of the aorta between the superior mesenteric artery and renal artery bifurcation was determined by using the VEVO2100 Ultrasound system with a 40 MHz MS550D transducer (Visual Sonics, Tronto, Canada). Mice were then euthanized with diethyl ether and the aortic tree, aortic root to the iliac bifurcation, was dissected from the surrounding tissue. The external diameter was determined using ImageJ software. The severity of AAA development was classified based on Daugherty's classification18 (link)). An AAA is defined as a 1.5-fold enlargement of the aortic diameter compared with ApoEKO mice fed a normal chow.
3
Evaluating Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Neonatal Mice
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The presence and severity of IVH were evaluated by high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) (VisualSonics Vevo 2100, VisualSonics Inc., ON, Canada) using an MS-550D 40 MHz transducer at PND1 and PND2. Pups with IVH (any grade) as determined by HFU (HFU was done by O.R.) were assigned to the IVH group and those without detectable IVH were used as controls. To confirm the presence of PHVD, an ex vivo brain HFU was also performed directly after termination via an artificial ultrasound window created by shaving the skull and making a short skin mid-sagittal incision and making a careful osteotomy (approximately 3 mm), taking care to prevent damage to the underlying dura. The obtained calvarial opening was irrigated with sterile saline to wash out tissue microparticles.
4
Comprehensive Cardiac Function Assessment
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Echocardiography was performed under light anesthesia (0.5%-1.5% isoflurane mixed with oxygen) on a heated animal platform using the Vevo 2100 imaging system with MS550D (40MHz) transducer (VisualSonics Inc.). Mice were monitored for core temperature, heart rate and level of anesthesia. Ventricular volumes, wall thickness and function (ejection fraction or shortening fraction) were determined from M-mode cine loops taken in the parasternal short and long axis planes. B-mode cine loops were also acquired and analyzed using Vevostrain analysis software (VisualSonics Inc.). Mitral valve inflow gradient was acquired using Doppler interrogation at the level of the valve annulus from a 4-chamber view.
Closed chest cardiac catheterization was performed under light anesthesia (1–3% isoflurane mixed with oxygen) using a 1.2F SciSense ADVantage pressure catheter and accompanying system for measuring pressure-volume loops. Access was obtained through cannulation of the right carotid artery under local dissection, and the catheter was advanced across the aortic valve into the left ventricular cavity. Further data analysis was done using Labchart v.8 software.
Closed chest cardiac catheterization was performed under light anesthesia (1–3% isoflurane mixed with oxygen) using a 1.2F SciSense ADVantage pressure catheter and accompanying system for measuring pressure-volume loops. Access was obtained through cannulation of the right carotid artery under local dissection, and the catheter was advanced across the aortic valve into the left ventricular cavity. Further data analysis was done using Labchart v.8 software.
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