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23 protocols using ethanethiol

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Nanocarriers

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Propylene sulfide (stabilized with Butyl Mercaptan) was purchased from TCI chemicals, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU), 1-butanethiol, 2-iodoethanol, Sodium hydride (NaH), Diethyl ether, Ethanethiol, Carbon Disulfide, sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite, N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacrylamide (DMAc), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were all purchased from Fisher chemicals. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, Benzoxazolium, 3-octadecyl-2-[3-(3-octadecyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene)-1-propenyl]-, perchlorate (DiO), 1,1’-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-Tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate (Dil) were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific. Nile Red was purchased from ACROS organics. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, Biotium™ Mounting medium with DAPI was purchased from Biotium™.
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2

Synthesis of Thiol-Containing Compounds

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Sodium sulfide nonahydrate (98%), sodium thiomethoxide (95%), ethanethiol (99.7%), ethylmethyl sulfide (96%), potassium metabisulfite (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Tartaric acid and sodium chloride was obtained from Merck (Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia); absolute ethanol from Rowe Scientific (Lonsdale, SA, Australia); and copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate was obtained from Ajax Chemicals (Sydney, NSW, Australia). Water was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, North Ryde, NSW, Australia).
Allylamine (AA) (reagent grade, 98%) and 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (POx) (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Australia) and used as supplied. Microscope slides and 100-mesh stainless steel sheets were used as a substrate for plasma deposition.
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3

GSK-3β Enzyme Kinetics Assay

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The chemical structure of all of the compounds used in this study is
given in Fig. 1. COB-187 was prepared as
described previously15 .
Tideglusib, alsterpaullone, AR-A014418, hypothemycin, ethanethiol,
tributylphosphine, and THF were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Insect-expressed human recombinant full length histidine-tagged GSK-3β
(catalog number PR5074A) was from Life Technologies/Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA).
The mutant version of the abovementioned GSK-3β, where the cysteine at
position 199 was replaced with an alanine (C199A), was generated by ThermoFisher
via a contract agreement. The phospho substrate (catalog number AQT0157) and ATP
(catalog number AQT 100XATP) were obtained from AssayQuant Tech (Marlboro, MA).
L-Glutathione reduced (GSH) (catalog number: G4251) and
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochlo (TCEP) (catalog number: C4706) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Dithiotheritol (DTT) (catalog number: AQT1000X
DTT) was purchased from AssayQuant Tech. The kinase reaction buffer (AssayQuant
Tech; catalog number: AQT10XRB) contained 500 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 0.1% Brij-35,
and 100 mM MgCl2. The enzyme dilution buffer (AssayQuant Tech;
catalog number: AQT1XEDB) contained 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 0.01% Brij-35, 5%
glycerol, and 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin.
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4

Preparation of Bitter Compound Solutions

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Ethanethiol, 2-Decanone, Diethyl disulfide, 2,5-Dimethylthiophene, trans-2-Pentenoic acid, cis-3-Hexenyl acetate and quinine sulfate were purchased from Sigma (CAS Numbers: 75-08-1, 693-54-9, 110-81-6, 638-02-8, 13991-37-2, 3681-71-8 and 207671-44-1 respectively). All compounds were dissolved to a final concentration of 0.5 mM in double distilled water (Millipore-filtered). The solutions concentration was selected to be 0.5 mM, higher than reported detection thresholds of known bitter compounds, (such as PROP and quinine64 (link)), and safe.
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5

Reagents for Sulfur Compound Characterization

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Ethanol (≥99.8%) was purchased from VWR (Rosny-sous-Bois, France). Tartaric acid (≥99.5%), sodium hydroxide (≥98%), magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (≥99%), and reference standards of ethanethiol (≥98.5%), diethyl sulphide (98%), diethyl disulfide (99%), and thiophene (≥99%) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). For other reference standards, dimethyl sulphide (>99%) and dimethyl disulfide (≥98%) were purchased from Fluka (Charlotte, NC, USA), S-methyl thioacetate (≥98%) from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany), and S-ethylthioate (97%) from Lancaster Synthesis (Morecambe, UK).
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6

Synthesis of Organic Compounds

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Example 1

Phenylmagnesium bromide (PMB) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at a 3M concentration in diethyl ether. Carbon disulfide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at 99% purity. 3-Chloro-2-butanone was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at 97% purity. Potassium phosphate was purchased from Fisher Scientific at 97% purity. HPLC grade acetone was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Ethanethiol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at 97% purity. Styrene and n-butyl acrylate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at 99% purity. Initiators azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and di-tert-butyl peroxide (TBP) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich.

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7

Antioxidant Compounds Evaluation

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1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), citric acid, sodium phosphate dibasic, quercetin, catechin, caffeic acid, guaiacol, methyl-guaiacol, ethyl-guaiacol, propyl-guaiacol, ferulic acid, sodium sulfide, sodium thiomethoxide, ethanethiol, and glutathione were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gallic acid and cysteine were purchased from Merck. MEthanol was purchased from Chemlab. Ethanol was purchased from Honeywell. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q system.
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8

Synthesis of Halide Perovskite Materials

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Lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999%),
silver(I) chloride (AgCl, 99.999%), bismuth(III) chloride (BiCl3, 99.998%), sodium(I) thiocyanate (NaSCN, 99.99%), zinc(II)
chloride (ZnCl2, 99.999%), cadmium(II) chloride (CdCl2, 99.99%), sulfur powder (S, 99.98%), selenium powder (Se,
99.99%), tellurium powder (Te, 99.997%), n-butylamine (BA, 99.5%),
ethanethiol (ET, >99%), and 1,2-ethylenediamine (EN, ≥99%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification.
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9

Synthesis of Naphthalic Anhydride Derivatives

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4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, FA, ethanethiol, cysteamine hydrochloride, 2-mercaptoethanol, aldrithiol-2, 1-methylpiperazine, N,N-dimethylethylendiamine, 8-aminoquinoline, 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, tris(2-carboxyethyl)phospine hydrochloride, potassium hydroxyde and triethylamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK); ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane ethyl, acetate, acetone, acetonitrile and the low iron silica sand were purchased from Fluka (UK). Diethyl ether, n-hexane, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofurane (HPLC grade) and the silica gel were purchased by VWR. Potassium carbonate was provided by Alfa Aeser (UK). Ultra-dry dimethyl sulfoxyde 99.7% and sodium hydroxide were obtained by Fisher scientific (UK). 2-Methoxyethanol from Honeywell Riedel-de Haen (UK). Chloroform-D and dimethyl sulfoxide-D6 by Cambridge Laboratories (UK). All the reagents were used without further purification.
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10

Synthetic Polymer Functional Conjugates

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Acryloyl chloride, Agmatine sulfate, Carbon disulfide, Ethanethiol, 4,4′-azobis(cyanopentanoic acid), N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, n-Butyl acrylate, 2,2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride (VA-044), 1,4-Dioxane, Dimethylsulfoxide deuterated, Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, Extravidin-peroxidase, Deuterium oxide, analytical grade solvents, salts, cyanuric chloride, and silicagel (60 Å, particle size 35–70 μm), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA). α-D-Galactose pentaacetate was purchased from Apollo Scientific (Stockport, UK). Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on aluminum sheets coated with silica gel obtained from MACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH & Co. KG (Düren, Germany). Dialysis membranes (MWCO 3.5 and 5 kDa) were provided by Prodotti Gianni S.r.l. (Milano, Italy). Cell culture media and reagents, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), paraformaldehyde (PFA), and DAPI were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), Fisher Scientific (Hampton, New Hampshire, USA), or Gibco ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Adenovirus primary antibody 8C4 was obtained from Novus Biologicals. Biotin-SP–conjugated antibody was purchase from Jackson Immunoresearch.
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